Final review for Bio 9D

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Final review for Bio 9D
Fen Huang
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Heart Disease
1. What is heart attack? A heart attack occurs
when the supply of blood and oxygen to an area of
heart muscle is blocked, usually by a clot in a
coronary artery. Often this blockage leads to
arrhythmias (irregular heart beat or rhythm) that
cause a severe decrease in the pumping function
of the heart and may bring about sudden death. 2.
What cause a heart attack? Blood clot blocking
the coronary artery. Coronary Artery Disease
(CAD) the hardening and narrowing of the
coronary arteries by the buildup of plague in the
inside walls of blood vessels. Artery spasm
tightening of the coronary artery that cuts off
blood flow to the heart caused by drugs,
emotional stress, smoking, etc. 3. It is
important to know the signs of a heart attack
which include chest pain, shortness of breath,
nausea, sweating, dizziness, so patient can act
fast to get treatment. 4. What is Stroke? Blood
vessels in the brain burst or is clogged by a
blood clot or particles. The most common one is
ischemic stroke. 5. How to reduce the chance of
heart attack? L Low cholesterol diet, exercise,
drinking red wine
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Hormonal disease

• What is diabetes?
• High levels of blood glucose resulting from
  defects in insulin production, insulin action or
  both.
• 2. Type 1 diabetes insulin-dependent diabetes
  mellitus (IDDM). (Pancreatic beta cells
  destroyed by immune system 5-10).
• Type 2 diabetes non-insulin-dependent
  diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). (Insulin resistance,
  disorder in cell use of insulin, 90-95).
• 3. Complications of diabetes
• Heart disease and stroke High blood pressure
  Blindness dental disease Kidney diseases
  Nervous system disease, etc.
• 4. Graves disease
• Most common form of hyperthyroidism. It occurs
  when one persons immune system mistakenly
  attacking his own thyroid gland and causes it to
  overproduce the thyroid hormone, thyroxine.

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• 5. TSH and TRAb can both stimulate thyroid gland
  to produce thyroxine,
• but one is normal (TSH) and the other is abnormal
  (TRAb).
• TSH thyroid stimulating hormones
• TRAb Thyrotropin receptor antibody
• 6. Symptoms of Graves disease
• Hyperthyroidism
• Eye disease
• Skin disease
• 8. Treatment of Graves disease
• Beta blockers
• Anti-thyroid medications
• Radioactive iodine treatment
• Surgery
• Hypopituitary----Growth hormone deficiency

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Mental illness
1.Depression A depressive disorder is an
illness that involves the body, mood and
thoughts. 2. Types of depression Major
depression dysthymia Bipolar disorder
(manic-depressive illness cycling mood changes
severe high and lows) 3. Symptoms of depression
and mania (Reader P114) 4. Treatment of
depression Medications SSRIs (serotonin
reuptake inhibitors) The tricyclics MAOIs (the
monoamine oxidase inhibitors).
Psychotherapies
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Anxiety Disorders
1.Types of anxiety disorders Panic disorder
Feeling of terror strikes suddenly and repeatedly
with no warning. Obsessive-compulsive
disorder Anxious thoughts or rituals which are
out of control. Post-traumatic stress
disorder Persistent frightening thoughts and
memories of their trauma and triggering
flashbacks or intrusive images. Social Phobia
Social anxiety disorder overwhelming anxiety and
excessive self-consciousness in everyday social
situations. Specific phobias intense but
irrational fear of something that poses little or
no actual danger. Generalized anxiety
disorder exaggerated ,excessive worry and
tension, anxiety. 2. Treatment Medication (1)
anti-depression (2) anti-anxiety
(benzodiazepines). Psychotherapy
Congitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
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Schizophrenia 1. What is schizophrenia? It is a
chronic, severe and disabling brain disease. 2.
Symptoms of schizophrenia Distorted perception
of reality Hallucination and illusion
delusions Disordered thinking Emotional
expression
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Immune system

• AIDS
• Aquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS is
  the most advanced stages of HIV (human
  immunodeficiency virus) infection.
• 2. HIV infection symptoms
• a flu-like illness
• Latent infection (asymptomatic period)
• opportunistic infections.
• 3. How is HIV transmitted?
• Unprotected sex
• Blood contamination
• Sharing needles for drug use
• During pregnancy or birth

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4. HIV is a class of retroviruses, which use RNA
as genetic material. HIV invade CD4 T cells and
replicate rapidly after they infect the cells
and bud off form the cell surface to go to infect
more cells. One unique characteristic of HIV is
it has a high rate of mutation. 5. HIV doesnt
kill anybody directly. Instead, it weakens the
bodys ability to fight disease by destroys the
immune system. So infections which are rarely in
normal immune systems are deadly to those with
HIV. 6. HIV is active in the lymph nodes, attack
CD4 T cells and break down FDC (follicular
dendritic cells) network. 7. Treatment of HIV
Nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors, AZT,
ddC, ddl, 3TC, etc. Protease inhibitors,
Ritonavir, Saquinivir, etc. HAART (highly
active antiretroviral therapy), combination use.
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Respiratory diseases
1. What is West Nile virus? West Nile Virus is a
flavivirus commonly found in Africa, West Asia,
and the Middle East. Now it is also found in the
United States. The virus can infect humans,
birds, mosquitoes, horses and some other mammals
2. What are the symptoms of West Nile virus
(WNV) infection?Infection with WNV can be
asymptomtic (no symptoms), or can lead to West
Nile fever (fever, headache, and body aches,
nausea) or severe West Nile disease (West Nile
encephalitis, West Nile meningitis). 3. How Does
West Nile Virus Spread? Infected Mosquitoes
Most often, WNV is spread by the bite of an
infected mosquito. Transfusions, Transplants,
and Mother-to-Child. Not through touching.
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4. SARSSevere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
is a viral respiratory illness caused by a
coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus
(SARS-CoV). 5. Symptoms of SARSIn general, SARS
begins with a high fever (temperature greater
than 100.4F gt38.0C). Other symptoms may
include headache, an overall feeling of
discomfort, and body aches. Some people also have
mild respiratory symptoms at the outset. About 10
percent to 20 percent of patients have diarrhea.
After 2 to 7 days, SARS patients may develop a
dry cough. Most patients develop pneumonia. 6.
How SARS spreadsThe main way that SARS seems to
spread is by close person-to-person contact. The
virus that causes SARS is thought to be
transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets
(droplet spread) produced when an infected person
coughs or sneezes.
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1. What Is Asthma? Asthma is a disease that
affects your lungs. It is the most common
long-term disease of children. It causes repeated
episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest
tightness, and nighttime or early morning
coughing. 2. What Is An Asthma Attack Airways
are the paths that carry air to the lungs. As the
air moves through the lungs, the airways become
smaller, like branches of a tree. During an
attack, the sides of the airways in your lungs
become inflamed and swollen. Muscles around the
airways tighten, and less air passes in and out
of the lungs. Excess mucus forms in the airways,
clogging them even more. The attack, also called
an episode, can include coughing, chest
tightness, wheezing, and trouble breathing. 3.
Causes Of An Asthma Attack Environmental
exposures, such as house dust mites and
environmental tobacco smoke, are important
triggers of an attack.
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1. What is TB?TB, or tuberculosis, is a disease
caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. The bacteria can attack any part
of your body, but they usually attack the lungs.
2. How is TB spread?TB is spread through the
air from one person to another. The bacteria are
put into the air when a person with TB disease of
the lungs or throat coughs or sneezes. People
nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become
infected . 3. What is latent TB infection?In
most people who breathe in TB bacteria and become
infected, the body is able to fight the bacteria
to stop them from growing. The bacteria become
inactive, but they remain alive in the body and
can become active later. 4. Symptoms of TB
disease a bad cough that lasts longer than 2
weeks pain in the chest coughing up blood or
sputum weakness or fatigue weight loss no
appetite chills fever sweating at night May
spread TB to others Usually have a positive
skin test May have abnormal chest x-ray, and/or
positive sputum smear or culture. 5. How is TB
prevented and treated? Vaccine BCG Medications
isoniazid (INH), rifampin, pyrazinamide,
ethambutol, strepomycin.
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1. What is anthrax?Anthrax is an acute
infectious disease caused by the spore-forming
bacterium Bacillus anthracis. 2. How is anthrax
transmitted?Anthrax is not contagious the
illness cannot be transmitted from person to
person. B. anthracis spores can live in the soil
for many years, and humans can become infected
with anthrax by handling products from infected
animals or by inhaling anthrax spores from
contaminated animal products. Anthrax spores can
be used as a bioterrorist weapon, as was the case
in 2001, when Bacillus anthracis spores had been
intentionally distributed through the postal
system, causing 22 cases of anthrax, including 5
deaths. 3. What are the symptoms for anthrax?
Fever may be accompanied by chills or night
sweats. Flu-like symptoms. Cough, usually a
non-productive cough, chest discomfort, shortness
of breath, fatigue. muscle aches Sore
throat, followed by difficulty swallowing,
enlarged lymph nodes, headache, nausea, loss of
appetite, abdominal distress, vomiting, or
diarrhea A sore, especially on your face,
arms or hands, that starts as a raised bump and
develops into a painless ulcer with a black area
in the center
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Alzheimers Diseases

• What is Alzheimers Disease?
• Alzheimers disease is a progressive brain
  disorder that gradually destroys a persons
  memory and ability to learn, reason, make
  judgments, communicate and carry out daily
  activities
• 2. Hallmarks of AD
• Beta-amyloid plaques and Neurofibrillary tangles

Beta-amyloid plaques grow out the neurons,
consistingof insoluble deposits of proteins
mutant beta-amyloid protein and mutant
presenilin-1 and presenilin-2 protein.
Neurofibrillary tangles grow inside neurons,
consisting of mutant Tau protein.
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Osteoporosis and Arthritis
1. Osteoporosis a disease of the skeletal system
characterized by low bone mass and deterioration
of bone tissue. Osteoporosis leads to an increase
risk of bone fractures typically in the wrist,
hip, and spine.
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2. Bone cells Osteoblasts forming new bones by
producing calcium phosphate Osteocytes are
mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have
made bone tissue around themselves. These cells
maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes
and controlling the bone mineral content they
also control the calcium release from the bone
tissue to the blood. Osteoclastsa large cells
that break down bone tissue. They are very
important to bone growth, healing, and
remodeling.
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3. How does osteoporosis drug function? Drugs
based on parathyroid hormone (PTH), the hormone
secreted by the parathyroid gland in the neck
that regulates blood calcium levels. When the
active component of PTH, called 1-34 (Forteo), is
given in a daily injection, it alters the signals
given to osteoblasts, which build bone, and
osteoclasts, which break bone down. The result is
substantially increased bone formation compared
to other osteoporosis treatments. Estrogen
slows bone loss, but estrogen increases risks
uterus cancer, possibly also breast and ovarian
cancer,. Biphosphonates inhibit bone
resorption and shift the balance towards bone
formation, reducing fracture rates 4.
Arthritis Arthritis is a very common disease
affecting the joints, skin and various internal
organs.
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Wrinkles and Alopecia

• Skin structure (refer to the lecture notes)
• Epidermis
• stratum corneum hardened, keratinized cells
• Stratum germinativum stem cells to supply new
  cells to the skin and wavy ridges extending into
  dermis, which forms the fingerprints.
• Melanocytes produce a dark pigment called
  melanin which contributes to skin color and
  provides UV protection. They are located at the
  bottom
• Dermis
• accessory structures derived from the
  epidermis, as hair fillicles and sweat glands.
• Blood Vessels
• Nerve fibers
• Proteins as collagen and elastin, give it
  strength and flexibility.
• Subcutaneous layer
• consists of loose connective tissue and much
  fat. It acts as a protective cushion and helps to
  insulate the body by monitoring heat gain and
  heat loss

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2. The following factors contribute to skin
aging sun exposure (UVA/UVB) first- or
secondhand cigarette smoke environmental
toxins poor diet excess alcohol consumption
stress harsh soaps or detergent-based
moisturizers sleep deprivation 3. What
happens to the skin during aging?
Keratinocytes in epidermis decrease in number and
become thinner, less sticky, which results in
decrease in barrier function and cause water
loss. In dermis, collagen and elastin
proteins, as well as sugar, become less and so
skin has less strength and flexibility. In
subcutaneous, fat cells become smaller, which
reduce the function as a cushion. 4. How does
UV from sunlight cause wrinkles? (refer to
lecture notes)
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GOOD LUCK !