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SECTION 1 The Italian Renaissance SECTION
2 France SECTION 3 Germany and
Flanders SECTION 4 Spain SECTION 5 England
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Terms to Learn
People to Know (cont.)

• classical writings

• Johannes Gutenberg

• humanists
• piazza
• doge
• chateaux
• printing press

• El Greco
• Henry VIII
• Elizabeth I
• William Shakespeare

Places to Locate
People to Know

• Florence

• Leonardo da Vinci

• Venice
• Papal States
• Toledo

• Michelangelo

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The Italian City-States

• The first and leading center of the Renaissance
  was Italy, which consisted of small, independent
  city-states.

• At first, each city-state was ruled by guilds,
  and later, powerful individuals or families took
  control.
• The leaders of the Italian city-states wanted to
  be remembered as wise, generous rulers.

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Art

• Art was an important part of life in Renaissance
  Italy, and city-states were proud of their
  artists.

• Renaissance artists carefully studied ancient
  Greek and Roman art, science, mathematics, and
  nature.
• The rulers of the city-states paid good artists
  for their paintings and sculptures.
• One of the greatest Renaissance artists, Leonardo
  da Vinci, is known for the Mona Lisa.

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Art (cont.)

• Another outstanding artist was Michelangelo
  Buonarroti, known for his paintings on the
  ceiling and altar wall of Romes Sistine Chapel.

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City Life

• While the rich built homes in the classical
  style, most people in the cities were poor and
  lived in run-down areas.

• The center of city life was the piazza, or
  central square, where markets were set up and
  people gathered.
• Marriages were arranged as if they were business
  deals.
• Most men dressed in tights and tunics, and women
  dressed in simply cut, flowing dresses with tight
  bodices.

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Florence

• The Italian Renaissance began in Florence, which
  was ruled by the Medici family.

• Lorenzo de Medici, who became the ruler of
  Florence in 1478, made it a center of art and
  learning.
• About 1490, Florences trade started to decline.
• A monk named Savonarola accused the Medicis of
  not ruling justly and gained the peoples
  support, overthrowing the Medicis in 1494.

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Florence (cont.)

• By 1498, the people of Florence had tired of
  Savonarolas strict ways, and he was hanged for
  heresy.

• The Medicis returned to power, but Florences
  greatness had passed.

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The Papal States

• During the 1300s and 1400s Popes wanted to show
  Europes kings that the Church was still
  powerful.

• In 1492, Rodrigo Borgia became Pope Alexander VI
  by bribing cardinals to vote for him.
• Pope Alexanders goal was to make central Italy a
  kingdom ruled by the Borgia family.
• By the time of Alexanders death in 1503, Rome
  had replaced Florence as the center of the
  Renaissance.

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Venice

• The Renaissance did not reach Venice until the
  late 1500s because Venetians had looked to
  Constantinople rather than to western Europe for
  art and literature.

• Venice was ruled by a few merchant aristocrats
  that controlled the Senate and the Council of
  Ten.
• The Council passed laws and chose the doge, or
  official ruler.
• The Venetians were expected to place loyalty to
  their city above anything else.

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France

• In 1494, the French began invading Italy, and
  French kings became fascinated by Italian art,
  architecture, and fashions.

• In the 1500s, King Francis I and many of his
  nobles hired Italian architects to design
  chateaux, or castles, which were then built along
  the Loire River.
• Francis I also encouraged French authors,
  including the physician-monk Rabelais, to model
  their works on those of Italian authors.

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Germany and Flanders

• The Renaissance also spread to the rich trading
  centers of Germany and Flanders.

• Religious scholars learned Greek and Hebrew so
  they could understand the earliest versions of
  the Bible.
• At the same time, German merchants began to
  appreciate Renaissance values this was the
  beginning of a new, privileged middle class.

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Germany and Flanders (cont.)

• About 1440, a German named Johannes Gutenberg
  developed a printing press.

• This allowed many more books and ideas to spread
  rapidly.
• Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, two brothers from
  Flanders, discovered how to paint in oils for
  deep and rich color.

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Spain

• The Renaissance took root in Spain in the late
  1400s and early 1500s.

• It was influenced by the close ties between the
  Roman Catholic Church and the government.
• The leading Church official, Cardinal Jiménez,
  was a loyal supporter of the monarchy and a
  strong believer in the value of learning.

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Spain (cont.)

• In 1555, Philip II became king.

• He did not trust the work of scholars. The
  Spanish Inquisition charged many with heresy, and
  some were burned at the stake.
• Despite strong Church and government controls,
  the arts flowered.
• Toledo became a center for painters and poets,
  including one Greek painter the Spanish called El
  Greco.

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Spain (cont.)

• He painted figures with very long bodies, parts
  of which stretched beyond normal size.

• The theater was also popular in Renaissance
  Spain.
• Author Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra wrote many
  plays, short stories, and other works, including
  the novel Don Quixote.

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England

• In 1455, the House of York and the House of
  Lancaster began a fight for the throne, a
  struggle called the Wars of the Roses.

• When the wars ended in 1485, a family called the
  Tudors, who fought on the Lancastrian side, took
  over the English throne.
• The first Tudor king, Henry VII, prepared the way
  for the Renaissance.
• Henry VIIs work was continued by his son, Henry
  VIII, who became king in 1509.

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England (cont.)

• The English Renaissance reached its height during
  the reign of Henry VIIIs daughter Elizabeth I.

• Poetry, music, and the theater became a part of
  daily life.
• About 1580, the first theaters in England were
  built, with stages in the open air.
• One of the best known English playwrights, or
  authors of plays, was William Shakespeare.

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England (cont.)

• His most famous works include Romeo and Juliet,
  Macbeth, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, and A Midsummer
  Night's Dream.

• Many experts consider Shakespeare the greatest
  playwright in the English language.