European Renaissance

1
European Renaissance

• 1300 1600
• A period of rebirthof art and learning.

2
Renaissance

• Renaissance means rebirth- social, economic, and
  cultural.
• Spirit of adventure
• Humanism focus is on more of a worldly view not a
  spiritual.

3
Why Italy

• Center of the Roman Empire
• Medici family

4
3 geniuses of the Renaissance Art

• Leonardo da Vinci
• Michelangelo
• Raphael

5
Machiavelli

• The Prince

6
The Renaissance moves North

• Moved slowly due to the Black Death.
• Began in the city of Flanders( present day
  Northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands)
  Spain, France, Germany, and England their
  cultural rebirth 100 years later in the 1500s

7
German Leonardo

• Albrecht Durer traveled to Italy to study the
  Italian masters.
• Engravings- where the art forms Durer used
  engravings is when an artist etches a design on a
  metal with acid.
• Through Durers engravings and essays he spread
  the Italian Renaissance through out his country.

8
Northern Humanist

• Like Italian Humanist European humanist scholars
  stressed education and classical learning. They
  believed that this should bring about religious
  and moral reform.
• Erasmus called for a translation of the bible he
  believed it should be written in a everyday
  language known as a vernacular.
• The praise of Folly uses humor to show the
  ignorant and immoral behavior of many people of
  his day.
• More believed in an ideal society where men and
  women lived in peace and harmony. He describes
  this in his book Utopia

9
Writers of a new audience

• The key figure of literature in the Renaissance
  was Shakespeare.
• Between 1590-1613 he wrote 37 plays that are
  still performed around the world.
• Shakespeare enriched the English language more
  than 1,700 appeared for the first time in his
  plays ( bedroom, lonely, gloomy, heartsick,
  hurry, and sneak)

10
The Printing Revolution

• Gutenberg's printing press
• 1456 printed a complete copy of the Bible.
• Built on early advances from other countries such
  as China
• 1500 made more than 20 million copies
• Reading for all

11
Protestant Reformation

• During the renaissance the church under fire.
  Christians accused the church of corruption and
  worldliness.
• During this time the Pope competed with Italian
  princes for power.
• Like Renaissance rulers the popes lived the
  lavish life. They also became great patrons
  having artists beautify their churches.
• To support these lifestyles the church increased
  their charges for some services. However some
  promoted the sale of indulgences which is
  lessening the time a person would spend in
  purgatory by giving money.

12
Luthers Protest

• In 1517 the protests against the church became a
  revolt this was triggered by German monk Martin
  Luther.
• The selling of indulgences was the last straw for
  him. Martin wrote his 95 thesis it stated there
  was no basis in the Bible about indulgences nor
  could a pope release a person from purgatory. He
  said the only way a person could be saved is
  through faith.

13
Martin Luther

• Very quickly Luthers 95 thesis spread across
  Europe.
• The church told Martin to recant or give up his
  words.
• In 1521 the Pope excommunicated Martin Luther.
• Later Roman Emperor Charles V declared Martin an
  outlaw and it a crime for anyone to give shelter
  or food to Martin.

14
Martin Luther Teachings

• Martin believed that a person received salvation
  through faith not good works.
• He believed that the Bible was the true source of
  religious truth not the church or the pope.
• Martin believed every man had the same access to
  God.
• He also translated the Bible into German the
  language of the ordinary person.

15
Spread of Lutheran ideas

• Lutheran believers began to use a new name
  Protestants they got this name because the
  protested the papal authority.
• Supporters of Martin some Princes used his
  beliefs to have a way to try and over throw the
  churchs power.
• Peasant revolt the peasants took Martins banner
  to try and get a chance to gain social and
  economic change. However Martin supported social
  classes and was against the revolt.

16
Peace of Augsburg

• During the 1530-1540s Emperor Charles V tried to
  force Martin back into the Catholic church.
• After a number of brief wars agreement was
  settled.
• IN 1555 the Peace of Augsburg allowed each prince
  to decide which religion Catholic or Lutheran.
• Most Northern German states choose Lutheranism
  and most of the south remained Catholic.

17
John Calvin

• Calvin wrote the book Institutes of the
  Christian Religion Calvin had many of the same
  beliefs as Luther. However he preached an idea of
  predestination this means that God knew a long
  time ago who would receive salvation.
• In 1541 Protestants in Geneva asked Calvin to
  lead their community. Calvins idea was to set up
  a theocracy a government ruled by church leaders.
• Calvinist stressed hard work, discipline,
  thrifty, honesty, and morality. Citizens faced
  harsh punishments for things such as fighting,
  swearing, laughing in the church, or dancing.
• Calvin like Luther was advocate for women he
  believed in religious education for girls as well
  as boys. He also let the women sing in church.

18
Reformation Ideas Spread

• Henry III the Catholic king of France said if
  the city of Geneva was reduced to ashes it would
  be a good thing.
• Henry VIII had his own problem with the church.
  Henry and his wife had only one child a girl.
  Henry wanted a male heir to the thrown so he
  decided to marry Anne Boleyn. Since the Catholic
  church did not permit divorce Henry asked the
  pope to annul the marriage. The pope refused.
• Henry passed laws so that he could become the
  leader of the leader of the church of England.

19
The Catholic Reformation

• In 1545 the pope called the Council of Trent it
  declared that salvation comes faith and good
  works. They also said that the Bible was a source
  of religious truth but not the only one.
• To deal with the protestant directly the pope
  strengthened the inquisition. The inquisition
  used secret testimony, torture, and execution to
  rot out heresy.
• Results by 1600 Rome was more devout than it was
  100 years earlier. The reforms did slow the
  Protestant tide and some areas returned to the
  Catholic church.

20
Widespread Persecution

• During this time of heightened passion,
  persecution was also widespread. Catholics
  killed protestants and protestants killed
  catholic's.
• At this time there was a wave of witch hunting.
• Those who were accused of being witches were
  mostly women. Between 1450 and 1750 tens of women
  and men died as victims of witch hunts.
• People were looking for scapegoats- people they
  can blame their problems on.

21
Scientific Revolution

• Until in the 1500s the European scholars
  believed that the earth was the center of the
  universe. This did not just make sense to them it
  also went along with the teaches of the church.
• In 1543 Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model
  of the universe saying that the sun was the
  center.

22
Scientific Method

• Step by step by process. First a scientist would
  come up with a logical or possible solution
  called a hypothesis. Then they would test their
  hypothesis with further experiments. After
  coming up with a conclusion the scientist test
  their theory again. This step by step process is
  known as the scientific method.

23
Newton

• Newton studied the scientists of his time. By the
  time he was 24 he had came up with a theory why
  the planets moved as they did.
• Newton saw an apple fall from a tree he wondered
  if that was the force that controlled the
  movement of the planet. In the next 20 years he
  perfected this theory he showed that this single
  force keeps the planets in orbit around the sun.
  The name of this force is gravity.