BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES Serving the Present, Shaping the Future

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BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present,
Shaping the Future
Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of
ScienceU.S. Department of Energy
Office of Science
Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen EconomyNew
Research Activities in DOEs Office of Basic
Energy Sciences Presentation to U.S. Senator
Byron L. Dorgan
Dr. Patricia M. Dehmer Director, Office of Basic
Energy Sciences (BES) Office of Science U.S.
Department of Energy 18 November 2004
http//www.sc.doe.gov/bes/
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• The 3.5 billion Office of Science (SC) is the
  primary source of U.S. support for the physical
  sciences.
• Provides over 40 of federal support to the
  physical sciences (e.g. 90 of high energy and
  nuclear physics, gt1/2 of catalysis, 1/4 of
  nanoscience)
• Provides sole support to select sub-fields (e.g.
  heavy element chemistry)
• Directly supports the research of 15,000 PhDs,
  postdocs, and graduate students, providing more
  than 625M to universities in FY 2004
• SC constructs and operates large scientific
  facilities for the broad U.S. scientific
  community.
• Light sources neutron sources, nanotechnology
  research centers, particle accelerators and
  colliders, and other specialized facilities are
  used by more than 19,000 researchers every year
  based on peer reviewed proposals. About half of
  the users come from the university community.
• SC has a national responsibility for basic
  research related to energy resources, production,
  conversion, storage, efficiency, and waste
  mitigation.

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Energy Flow Diagram for the U.S., 1999
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The Terawatt Challenge
TODAY
2050
14 Terawatts (world)
30 60 Terawatts (world)
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Revisiting Basic Research Needs for Energy

• Fossil fuels provide about 85 of the worlds
  energy. Although reserves are adequate for the
  next 50 to 100 years, there are two reasons to
  seek alternative energy sources now
• The largest reserves of one of the most important
  fossil fuels, petroleum, reside outside the U.S.
  in politically unstable regions of the world.
• The production and release of carbon dioxide into
  the atmosphere pose the risk of global warming.
• All of the alternatives to fossil fuels, even
  when summed together, today make at best marginal
  contributions to energy production.
• The report highlighted 37 proposed research
  directions, most of which already were
  represented in the BES portfolio of activities

Workshop October 21-25, 2002 Report March
2003 Dr. John Stringer, EPRI, Chair Dr. Linda
Horton, ORNL, Co-Chair
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Basic Research for a Secure Energy
Future Supply, End Use, and Carbon Management
Global Climate Change Science
Policy
Fossil Carbon Energy Sources
Non-Carbon Energy Sources
Carbon Recycle
CO2 Sequestration
Energy Consumption
Coal
Nuclear Fission
Natural
Transportation
Geologic
Petroleum
Synthetic
Buildings
Terrestrial
Nuclear Fusion
Industrial
Ocean
Natural Gas
Hydrogen
Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind
an energy carrier
Conservation and Efficiency
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Hydrogen A National Initiative
Tonight I'm proposing 1.2 billion in research
funding so that America can lead the world in
developing clean, hydrogen-powered automobiles
With a new national commitment, our scientists
and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking
these cars from laboratory to showroom, so that
the first car driven by a child born today could
be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free. Pre
sident BushState-of the-Union AddressJanuary
28, 2003
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The Hydrogen Economy The Technology Gaps
solar wind hydro
automotive fuel cells
H2O
consumer electronics
nuclear/solar thermochemical cycles
gas or hydride storage
H2
H2
stationary electricity/heat generation
fossil fuel reforming
Bio- and bioinspired
use (in fuel cells)
production
storage
Gap
Gap
Gap
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BES Assessment of the Needs of Basic
ResearchBasic Research for Hydrogen Production,
Storage, and Use (May 13-15, 2003)

• Workshop Chair Millie Dresselhaus (MIT)
• Associate Chairs George Crabtree (ANL)
• Michelle Buchanan (ORNL)

Breakout Sessions Hydrogen Production Tom
Mallouk, PSU Laurie Mets, U. Chicago Hydrogen
Storage and Distribution Kathy Taylor, GM
(retired) Puru Jena, VCU Fuel Cells and Novel
Fuel Cell Materials Frank DiSalvo, Cornell
Tom Zawodzinski, CWRU
Pre-Workshop Briefings by EERE Hydrogen
Storage JoAnn Milliken Fuel Cells Nancy
Garland Hydrogen Production Mark Paster
Charge To identify fundamental research needs
and opportunities in hydrogen production,
storage, and use, with a focus on new, emerging
and scientifically challenging areas that have
the potential to have significant impact in
science and technologies. Highlighted areas will
include improved and new materials and processes
for hydrogen generation and storage and for
future generations of fuel cells for effective
energy conversion.
Workshop Plenary Session Speakers Steve Chalk
(DOE-EERE) -- overview George Thomas (SNL-CA) --
storage Scott Jorgensen (GM) -- storage Jae
Edmonds (PNNL) -- environmental Jay Keller
(SNL-CA) hydrogen safety
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Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage
and Use Workshop
Bridging the gaps that separate the hydrogen-
and fossil-fuel based economies in cost,
performance, and reliability goes far beyond
incremental advances in the present state of the
art. Rather, fundamental breakthroughs are needed
in the understanding and control of chemical and
physical processes involved in the production,
storage, and use of hydrogen. Of particular
importance is the need to understand the atomic
and molecular processes that occur at the
interface of hydrogen with materials in order to
develop new materials suitable for use in a
hydrogen economy. New materials are needed for
membranes, catalysts, and fuel cell assemblies
that perform at much higher levels, at much lower
cost, and with much longer lifetimes. Such
breakthroughs will require revolutionary, not
evolutionary, advances. Discovery of new
materials, new chemical processes, and new
synthesis techniques that leapfrog technical
barriers is required. This kind of progress can
be achieved only with highly innovative, basic
research.
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Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production
Bio- and Bio-inspired H2 Production Biological
enzyme catalysis nanoassemblies bio-inspired
materials and processes Nuclear and
Solar Thermal Hydrogen Thermodynamic data and
modeling novel materials membranes and catalysts
Fossil Fuel Reforming Catalysis membranes
theory and modeling nanoscience Solar
Photoelectrochemistry/Photocatalysis Understandin
g physical mechanisms novel materials theory
and modeling stability of materials
Synthetic catalysts for water oxidation and
hydrogen activation
Ni surface-alloyed with Au to reduce carbon
poisoning
High T operation places severe demands on reactor
design and on materials
Dye-Sensitized solar cells
Source BES Hydrogen Workshop Report
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Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen Storage
Novel and Nanoscale Materials
Li, Nature 1999
Neutron imaging of hydrogen
Cup-stacked carbon Nanofiber
Nanoporous inorganic-organic compounds
Complex metal hydrides can be recharged on board
the vehicles
Theory and Modeling To Understand Mechanisms,
Predict Property Trends, Guide Discovery of New
Materials
H Adsorption in nanotube array
Chemical hydrides will need off-board regeneration
Source BES Hydrogen Workshop Report
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Priority Research Areas in Fuel Cells
Electrocatalysts and Membranes Non-noble metal
catalysts designed triple-percolation
electrodes Low temperature fuel cells
Higher temperature membranes degradation
mechanisms tailored nanostructures Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells Theory, modeling, and
simulation new materials novel synthesis
in-situ diagnostics
Source BES Hydrogen Workshop Report
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DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2005 Budget Request
New addition to the HFI in FY 2005
TOTAL 227 M
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BES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen
Fuel Initiative
http//www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.html
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BES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen
Fuel Initiative

• Approximately 21.5 million in new funding will
  be awarded in FY 2005, pending appropriations.
• Two solicitations (one for universities and one
  for FFRDCs) were issued in April 2004. FFRDCs
  were limited to six submissions as leading
  institution. There was no limit on the number of
  submissions for universities.
• 668 qualified preproposals were received by July
  15, 2004 in the following five categories.
• Novel Materials for Hydrogen Storage
• Membranes for Separation, Purification, and Ion
  Transport
• Design of Catalysts at the Nanoscale
• Solar Hydrogen Production
• Bio-Inspired Materials and Processes

Bio- Inspired (54)
Solar (88)
Storage (199)
Catalysis (152)
Membranes (175)
Preproposals Submitted
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Preproposal Review and Selection

• Each preproposal was reviewed by at least one of
  five panels corresponding to the five submission
  categories.
• Each panel consisted of DOE federal officials
  knowledgeable in the research areas and with
  responsibilities for managing projects within the
  Hydrogen Fuel Initiative. 
• The review panels judged the suitability of the
  preproposals in accordance with DOE's scientific,
  technical, and strategic goals related to the
  Hydrogen Fuel Initiative.
• 261 preproposals were selected.

• Principal investigators were notified by
  September 1, 2004 to submit full proposals by
  January 4, 2005.

Preproposals Selected
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Preproposal Selection Results Summary
DOE FFRDCs
Universities

• 215 University preapplications were selected
  (101 Universities in 36 States and Puerto Rico).

• 46 FFRDC preproposals were selected (13 DOE
  National Labs in 10 States).

Profile of Selected Preproposals
DOE Lab
Universities
DOE Labs
Average Number of PIs per Preproposal
6.5
2.9
6.5
2.9
Average Funding Requested per Preproposal
834,500
834,500
294,700
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Full Proposal Procedures

• Timeline
• January 4, 2005 Full proposals due
• February April, 2005 Proposal Peer Review
• April May, 2005 DOE assessment of review and
  selection of awards
• June July 2005 Awards made, pending
  appropriations
• Full proposals will be subjected to formal merit
  review against the following criteria
• Scientific and/or technical merit of the project
• Appropriateness of the proposed method or
  approach
• Competency of the personnel and adequacy of the
  proposal resources
• Reasonableness and appropriateness of the
  proposed budget
• Basic research that is relevant to the
  Administration's HFI
• It is anticipated that up to 12 million annually
  will be available for multiple awards in each of
  the two main research sectors universities and
  FFRDCs.
• Initial awards will be in Fiscal Year 2005,
  pending appropriations.
• BES is coordinating with all appropriate groups,
  particularly EERE.

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Summary Research for Short-term Showstoppers
and Long-term Grand Challenges
splitting water
fuel cell operation
solid state storage
Energy Payoff
Short-term Incremental advances via basic
research and technology development
Longer-term Breakthrough technologies via new
materials and catalysts, bio-mimetics, nanoscale
architectures, and more.
combustion in heat engines
gas/liquid storage
fossil fuel reforming
Evolution of a Hydrogen Economy
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Realizing a hydrogen economy will not be easy,
Peter Edwards Scientific Coordinator, UK
Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Consortium UK-US
Energy Dialogue, October 2004, London
From J. W. Gosselink, Shell Global Solutions,
Amsterdam
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but electricity was not discovered via
incremental improvements to the candle
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