Computer Architecture CPSC 321

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Computer ArchitectureCPSC 321

• Andreas Klappenecker

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Course Contents
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Course Contents

• History
• Organization of a computer
• Assembly language
• Design of a computer
• Verilog
• Future architectures

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Syllabus

• Two midterm exams 50
• Assignments and quizzes 20
• Projects 30

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Early History
One of the first calculation tools was the
abacus, presumably invented sometime between
1000-500 B.C.
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Early History

• around 1600, John Napier invents the Napier
  bones, a tool that helps in calculations
• (photo
  courtesy of IBM)
• Napier also invents the logarithm
• 1621, William Oughtred invents the slide rule
  that exploit Napiers logarithms to assist in
  calculations

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Early History

• 1625 Wilhelm Schickard invents a mechanical
  device to add, subtract, multiply and divide
  numbers
• 1640 Blaise Pascal invents his Arithmetic Machine
  (which could only add)
• (photo
  courtesy of IBM)
• 1671 Wilhelm von Leibniz invents the Step
  Reckoner, a device that allows to perform
  additions, subtractions, multiplications,
  divisions, and evaluation of square roots (by
  stepped additions)

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Early History

• Charles Babbage proposes in 1822 a machine to
  calculate tables for logarithms and trigonometric
  functions, called the Difference Engine.
• Before completing the machine, he invents in 1833
  the more sophisticated Analytic Engine that uses
  Jacquard punch cards to control the arithmetic
  calculations
• The machine is programmable, has storage
  capabilities, and control flow mechanisms it is
  a general purpose computer.
• The Analytic Engine was never completed.
• Augusta Ada Lovelace writes the first program for
  the Analytical Engine (to calculate Bernoulli
  numbers). Some consider her as the first
  programmer.

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Computing Needs?

• The calculation devices werent a commercial
  success pencil and paper was cheap and fast
  enough.
• The 1890 US census demanded larger data
  processing power, because more questions were
  asked.
• Hermann Hollerith provided the data processing
  equipment.
• Holleriths company later became a core part of
  IBM.
• (Photo courtesy of the IEEE Computer Society)

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Analogue Computing Rules! (Oops?)

• The digital computing methods of Babbage and
  Hollerith did not lead directly to the modern
  computer.
• In fact, analogue computing devices were much
  more common in 1900-1930, especially for
  scientific computations.
• In 1930, Vannevar Bush (MIT) constructed a large
  differential analyzer that was capable of
  integration and differentiation.
• The common conception was that analogue computing
  has many advantages over digital computation (and
  one finds constructions of analogue computers
  until the 1960s).

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Konrad Zuse
Konrad Zuse next to the replica of his Z1
computer (Technisches Museum, Munich).

• In 1935, Konrad Zuse designs a special purpose
  electro-mechanical computer, the Z1. He
  constructs the computer in 1936-1938 in the
  living room of his parents in Berlin, Germany.

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Z1

• The Z1 computer was clocked at 1 Hz. The memory
  consists of 64 words with 22 bits. Input and
  output is done by a punch tape reader and a punch
  tape writer.
• The computer has two registers with 22 bits and
  is able to perform additions and subtractions (it
  is not a general purpose computer).

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Z3
(Art and photo courtesy of Horst Zuse)

• Zuse constructed the Z3, a fully programmable
  general purpose computer, in 1939-1941.
  Remarkably, it contained a binary floating point
  arithmetic. It was clocked at 5.33 Hz, based on
  relays, and had 64 words of 22 bits.
• The small memory did not allow for storage of the
  program.

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World War II

• Remarkably, Zuse did not profit from the war. In
  fact, his funding was pulled because it seemed
  unlikely that his computer will be finished
  before the war ends.
• Computational methods were relevant to break
  ciphers
• Bletchley Park (GB) developed and used devices to
  crack crypts of the German Enigma cipher
• Calculating tables for projectile trajectories
• Eckert and Mauchly (US) got funding to develop a
  computer to calculate tables

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Atanasoff

• John Vincent Atanasoff and his graduate student
  Clifford Berry developed in 1938-1942 a special
  purpose computer that was able to solve systems
  of linear equations.
• The machine was not programmable, but it
  performed all calculations with electronics and
  avoided electro-mechanical elements such as
  relays.

(Photo and artwork courtesy of Iowa State
University) It is not a general purpose
computer, but Iowa State University tries to
paint a different picture.
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Mark 1 Colossus
(picture courtesy of Wikipedia encyclopedia)

• 1943-44 Mark 1 Colossus
• memory based on vacuum tubes
• special purpose machine, not Turing complete
• but it had some flexibility
• used in Bletchley Park to break the fish cipher

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ENIAC

• All-electronic general purpose computer based on
  vacuum tubes
• Intended to calculate ballistic firing tables
• Designed by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• Designed and constructed during 1943-1946
• Programming by rewiring
• 5000 additions per second, 357 multiplications
  per second, and 38 divisions per second
• Decimal, not binary!

(photo courtesy of the U.S. army)
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EDVAC

• It was the first stored program computer ever
  designed
• (but other stored program computers were
  completed earlier, namely an experimental machine
  at Manchester University, EDSAC at Cambridge
  University, an Australian machine )
• The stored program design is usually attributed
  to von Neumann, although Zuse formulate this
  concept already in 1936 in a patent applications
  (patent rejected).
• Eckert and Mauchly were joined by von Neumann in
  the design of EDVAC.
• First draft of EDVAC by von Neumann
• http//www.virtualtravelog.net/entries/2003-08-The
  FirstDraft.pdf

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Where are we headed?

• In general, a computer consists of the following
  components

Datapath
Input
Memory
Output
Control
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Further Reading

• Scott McCartney Eniac, Berkeley Books, New York,
  1999
• von Neumanns design of EDVAC
• Patterson, Hennessy, 2nd edition, Chapter 1.