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The War

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Responsible for the Imprisonment and Execution of hundreds of Buddhists. Duong Van Minh ' ... in a country that was 95% Buddhist. He was resistant to US troop ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The War


1
The War in Vietnam
2
Where is Vietnam?
  • Southeast Asia
  • South of China on the South China Sea
  • Formerly known as Indochina

3
Who Were the Main Players in the Vietnam War?
4
Ho Chi Minh
  • BORN Nguyen Sinh Cung
  • AKA Uncle Ho
  • Ho Chi Minh He Who Enlightens
  • 1945 He created the Provisional Government
  • National Liberation Committee of Vietnam or
    Vietminh
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vYhyfUmCDyG8

5
Bao Dai
  • Vietnams last emperor r.1932-1954
  • Briefly joined Ho Chi Minh
  • Exiled to Hong Kong and France - 1949 54
  • Returned to Vietnam and was ousted by Ngo Dinh
    Diem in a rigged election

6
Ngo Dinh Diem
  • Led South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963
  • Autocratic Rule
  • Responsible for the Imprisonment and Execution of
    hundreds of Buddhists

7
Duong Van Minh
  • Big Minh
  • Led S. Vietnam for 2 months after leading a coup
    in which Diem was murdered
  • Overthrown by Nguyen Khanh who held the
    position until 1965 when exiled to France

8
Nguyen Van Thieu
  • 1967 elected president of South Vietnam
  • Held position until 1975 fall of Saigon
  • Emigrated to England

9
Dwight D. Eisenhower
  • President 1953 61
  • Sent military aid to the French in Vietnam
  • Refused to commit troops

10
John F. Kennedy
  • President 1960 63 when he was assassinated
  • Tripled aid to South Vietnam
  • Increased number of US Military Advisors in South
    Vietnam

11
Robert McNamara
  • John F. Kennedys Secretary of Defense
  • Supported increased US involvement in Vietnam
    under Kennedy and Johnson
  • I think the human race needs to think about
    killing. How much evil must we do in order to do
    good?

12
Lyndon B. Johnson
  • President 1963 1968
  • Despite his campaign promises to not get further
    involved in Vietnam he steadily increased US
    Involvement

13
General William Westmoreland
  • General in charge of US military operation in
    Vietnam 1964-1968
  • Continually reported positive assessments of the
    war until the Tet Offensive
  • Tet Offensive 1968 Communist forces attacked
    cities and towns throughout S. Vietnam
  • Became Armys Chief of Staff

14
Richard M. Nixon
  • Vietnamization of the war
  • Expanded the war into Laos and Cambodia
  • Last troops were withdrawn during his 2nd term

15
Henry Kissinger
  • Advocated bombing Cambodia
  • Helped develop Nixons Vietnamization policy
    removal of US troops to be replaced with S.
    Vietnamese Troops
  • Paris Peace Accords - Negotiated

16
Gerald Ford
  • Oversaw final withdrawal of US Troops from
    Vietnam
  • Evacuation of 1,000s of Vietnamese Citizens

17
CAUSES AND EVENTS LEADING TO WAR IN VIETNAM
18
FRANCE 1885 - 1954
  • French Indochina until 1954
  • 1945 Ho Chi Minh established the Provisional
    Government The Viet Minh
  • 1946 France recognized Vietnam as a free
    state within in the French Union
  • 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu Viet Minh defeat
    France

19
DIEN BIEN PHU - 1954
20
FRENCH PARATROOPERS DROPPING INTO DIEN BIEN PHU
- 1954
21
EISENHOWER
  • Domino Theory response to the defeat of
    France

You have a row of dominoes set up. You knock
over the first one, and what will happen to the
last one is the certainty that it will go over
quickly.
22
EISENHOWER'S POLICIES
1. Support Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam against
Viet Cong (National Liberation Front S.
Vietnamese that supported Ho Chi Minh)
23
EISENHOWER'S POLICIES
  • 2. MASSIVE RETALIATION
  • Eisenhowers Nuclear Policy
  • AIM DETERENCE
  • Strike back with more force than you were hit
    with
  • Led to escalation of Nuclear Proliferation, and
    MAD

24
EISENHOWER'S POLICIES
  • 3. NATION BUILDING
  • US would support and help Diem establish a
    politically stable and viable government

25
KENNEDY
  • How and why did Kennedy continue Eisenhowers
    policies?
  • Bay of Pigs failed attempt to overthrow Castro
    Kennedys leadership is questioned

26
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27
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28
Fidel Castro at Bay of Pigs
29
KENNEDY
  • 2. FLEXIBLE RESPONSE
  • Kennedys Nuclear Policy replacing Massive
    Retaliation
  • Robert MacNamara
  • Goal develop options other than nuclear
  • Reliance on conventional weapons and smaller
    nuclear bombs
  • Target enemy military first

30
KENNEDY
  • 3. Sponsored a Military Coup of Diem October
    1963
  • November 1963 Diem Assassinated
  • WHY??
  • Diem was a liability as President of South
    Vietnam he couldnt unify the people
  • He was a Catholic in a country that was 95
    Buddhist
  • He was resistant to US troop deployments

31
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32
Johnson
  • Responsible to escalating US involvement in
    Vietnam into a full scale war!

33
Johnson
  • 1. 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident
  • US Destroyers were in Gulf of Tonkin supporting
    S. Vietnamese attacks on island bases
  • North Vietnamese attacked USS Maddox
  • Reports of 2nd attack prompted Johnson to bring
    resolution to Congress Attack never happened!!!

34
USS Maddox
35
Johnson
  • 2. 1964 Tonkin Gulf Resolution
  • Authorized retaliatory bombings against North
    Vietnam

36
Johnson
  • Operation Rolling Thunder
  • (The Air War)
  • US sent in troops to protect the airfields that
    it was using in South Vietnam
  • 1965 1st Marines landed in Da Nang 40,000
    Marines
  • Followed by weekly deployments

37
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38
Johnson
  • SEARCH AND DESTROY (US GROUND STRATEGY)
  • 1. Relied on air mobility use of the UH1 Huey
    Helicopters
  • Medical evacuation
  • Troop insertion
  • Gunship missions

39
Johnson
SEARCH AND DESTROY (US GROUND STRATEGY) 2. No
Clear Enemy Lines
40
Johnson
  • SEARCH AND DESTROY (US GROUND STRATEGY)
  • 3. Success was measured by body count
  • Daily news would report body counts like they
    were box scores

41
Johnson
  • SEARCH AND DESTROY (US GROUND STRATEGY)
  • Problems w/ relying on Body Counts
  • Communists didnt measure success by counts
    they werent deterred by the tremendous losses
  • Counts were routinely inflated so it would appear
    that we were winning

42
Johnson
  • THE WISE MEN-a group of the nations most
    prestigious leaders
  • November 12, 1967 -Johnson called a meeting of
    The Wise Men
  • Asked for optimistic reports of war in order to
    unite the public behind it
  • November 17, 1967 Johnson reported We are
    inflicting greater losses than were taking. We
    are making progress
  • November 21, 1967 Westmoreland reported
    Victory is absolutely certain

43
Johnson
  • TET OFFENSIVE January 1968
  • TET Nguyen Dan Vietnams lunar new year
    festival
  • N. Vietnamese surprised US by attacking Nearly
    every city in South Vietnam
  • Johnsons and Westmorelands words of assurance
    were wrong Americans were convinced that
    victory was impossible
  • Westmoreland was replaced
  • Media eliminated the body counts

44
TET OFFENSIVE
45
TET OFFENSIVE
46
Paris Peace Talks - 1968
  • Johnson announced an end to all air, naval and
    artillery bombardment of North Vietnam effective
    November 1, 1968
  • Peace talks broke down
  • November 3, 1969 Nixon asked the nation to
    support him in the War effort

47
Nixon
  • Vietnamization handing the war over to the
    non-communist S. Vietnamese

48
Nixon
  • 2. Peace with Honor
  • Reduction of US forces
  • Increased bombing, and expanded the ground and
    air war into Laos and Cambodia

49
Nixon
  • 3. More American Soldiers died and more bombs
    were dropped, under the Nixon Presidency than
    under Johnsons
  • 4. Foreign Policy to achieve a breakthrough
    in relationships with USSR and China
  • Resulted in reduction of USSR and Chinese aid to
    North Vietnam

50
Nixon
My Lai Massacre
  • 1968 Lt. William Calley, a platoon leader, lead a
    massacre of several hundred Vietnamese civilians
    including women, babies, and the elderly
  • 2 American Soldiers in a helicopter spotted the
    carnage and stopped any further killings
  • Calley was given a life sentence, and a
    court-martial in 1970
  • He was later pardoned by President Nixon

51
Nixon
Paris Peace Accords
  • January 15, 1973 Nixon announced the suspension
    of offensive actions in North Vietnam
  • A unilateral withdrawal of US troops began
  • January 27, 1973 Paris Peace Accords were
    signed Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Peace
    Prize

52
Vietnam after US
  • 1975 North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam,
    taking Saigon on April 30, 1975
  • North and South were fully united on July 2, 1976
    Socialist Republic of Vietnam
  • Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City

53
Vietnam after US
  • Human Rights Violations under the new Communist
    Government
  • tiger cages small prison cells used to
    torture political prisoners
  • Firing squads
  • Concentration and re-education camps
  • Boat People
  • Refugees hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese
    fled by boat
  • The majority came to the United States

54
US under Ford in 1975 evacuated Vietnam Refugees
55
The "Other War"
  • LBJ fought 2 wars, Vietnam and the War on Poverty
  • 1964 Protests began small isolated incidents
    on college campuses
  • 1968 Full scale protests
  • Majority of Americans did not support protestors
  • Protests kept war in the limelight made people
    question the war

56
The "Other War"
  • What sparks the protest movement?
  • Media reports i.e. Walter Cronkite after TET
    announced it didnt look like we were winning
  • Unfair draft
  • minorities were overrepresented in combat roles
  • senators sons were safe in college
  • Working class Americans did the fighting

57
The "Other War"
  • May 4, 1970 Kent State University
  • US Troops shot and killed 4 students

58
April 1971 500,000 people marched on Washington
in protest of the Vietnam War
59
CHEMICAL WARFARE
  • NAPALM
  • Produced by Dow Chemical Co.
  • 1st used in WWII against the Japanese it was
    improved for use in the Vietnam War Napalm B
  • bathtub chemistry gasoline, benzene and
    polystyrene

60
CHEMICAL WARFARE
  • NAPALM
  • Liquid Fire jellied gasoline clung to human
    skin on contact melted off flesh
  • Eyelids so burned they could not be shut
  • Fleshed looked like swollen, raw meat.

61
CHEMICAL WARFARE
  • NAPALM
  • January 1967 article released presenting color
    photos of mutilated Vietnamese Children
  • Sparked demonstrations against Dow even after it
    stopped production in 1969

62
Agent Orange
  • Also produced by Dow Chemical
  • Used between 1961 and 1971 19 million gallons
    of the herbicide and defoliant were sprayed on
    Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand
  • One of the rainbow herbicides there was Agents
    Pink, Purple, Blue and Green as well, but Orange
    proved to be the most effective
  • Goal To destroy cover and to deny food to enemy

63
Agent Orange
  • Contains harmful dioxins which can cause
  • Cancer
  • Birth defects
  • Chloracne acne like eruptions of blackheads,
    cysts and pustules
  • 1984 Dow Chemical was ordered to pay 180
    million in compensation to US Veterans

64
Effects of Agent Orange
65
The Escalation of the War
9,087,000 Military Personnel Served in the war
66
Casualty Totals
67
What are the lingering effects?
  • Americans have lost trust in the Government
  • Backlash taken out on the veterans
  • PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
  • Trouble sleeping
  • Nervous ticks
  • Startle response
  • Inability to maintain close personal
    relationships
  • Drug and alcohol abuse

68
What are the lingering effects?
  • 20 Years after War Clinton opened trade and
    diplomatic relations with Vietnam
  • The Gulf War fought with Vietnam in mind
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