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Diagnostics for structure, cont.

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Title: Diagnostics for structure, cont.


1
Diagnostics for structure, cont.
  • Introduction to Syntax
  • ANTH 359/759
  • Fall 2007

2
Announcements
  • There are no changes to the syllabus at
    http//www.tulane.edu/ling/ANTH359/
  • Photos

3
Terminology
  • The neutral and presumably most frequent position
    of a constituent is called its canonical
    position.
  • In English, the canonical position of the subject
    is before the verb and of the object is after the
    verb.
  • This is also called the unmarked position.

4
Movement
  • Moving a constituent puts it in a marked, or
    non-canonical position, and results in a special
    interpretation.
  • By the principle of economy, we would expect that
    an operation that rearranges constituents must be
    associated with some particular interpretative
    effect, otherwise it would be more economical to
    use the canonical order.

5
Question formation
  • In English, a question that starts with an
    interrogative pronoun is called a WH question,
    because most interrogative or WH pronouns start
    with something like wh.
  • who(m), what, when, where, why, which, whose,
    (whither)
  • how

6
Question formation targets constituents
  • We should go to Europe next summer.
  • Who should go to Europe next summer?
  • When should we go to Europe?
  • Where should we go to next summer?
  • To where/Whither should we go next summer?
  • What should we do next summer?
  • or What should we do?

7
Deletion/ellipsis
  • As we have already suggested, it targets
    constituents
  • Mary I think we should go to Europe next summer.
  • John I think we should VP Ø, too.
  • Ø VP go to Europe next summer

8
Focalization, 1
  • Cleft sentences target constituents
  • It is us who should go to Europe next summer.
  • It is next summer that we should go to Europe.
  • It is Europe that we should go to next summer.
  • It is to Europe that we should go next summer.
  • It is go to Europe that we should do next summer.
  • or It is go to Europe next summer that we should
    do.

9
Focalization, 2
  • Pseudo-cleft sentences target constituents
  • Who should go to Europe next summer is us.
  • When we should go to Europe is next summer.
  • Where we should go to next summer is Europe.
  • Where we should go next summer is to Europe.
  • What we should do next summer is go to Europe.
  • or What we should do is go to Europe next summer.

10
Co-ordination
  • Co-ordinating conjunctions and, or, (neither )
    nor but is borderline
  • Co-ordination targets constituents
  • You and I should go to Europe next summer.
  • We should go to Europe next summer and next fall.
  • We should go to Europe and Morocco next summer.
  • We should go to Europe and to Morocco next
    summer.
  • We should go to Europe and eat snails next
    summer.
  • or We should go to Europe next summer and eat
    snails next fall.

11
Exercise 4, pp. 127-8
  • prevent hurricanes is replaced by so
  • small movies is replaced by ones some of the
    more interesting ones is moved to the beginning
    of the sentence
  • adapt to being poor again is deleted after to
  • Great Expectations is moved to the beginning of
    the sentence
  • a talented team is deleted after been
  • two VPs are coordinated
  • the epitome of Middle England is replaced by so
  • childrens stories is replaced by ones
  • just entering the work force is coordinated
    with eyeing retirement
  • whether is moved to the beginning of the
    sentence

12
Exercise 5, pp. 128-130
  • The customer in the corner will order before
    dinner the drinks.
  • The customer in the corner will order before
    dinner all the drinks to go with the entire meal
    and the dessert.
  • argued sentence no, it is at the end of the
    sentence, after the adverb

13
Exercise 6, pp. 130
  • they go home we go home
  • the driver gets out you get out

14
Exercise 7, pp. 131-2
  • The customer in the corner will VPVPorder the
    drinks co-ord and VP pay for the meal

15
Exercise 8, pp. 132-4
  • 3a The customer in the corner will
  • VPVP choose the dessert PP before the meal
  • and
  • VP order the drinks.

16
Exercise 9, pp. 134-5
  • AP and present participle
  • AP and PP
  • present participle and present participle
  • adjective and present participle
  • present participle and present participle
  • NP and AP
  • adjective and present participle
  • adjective and PP
  • PP and PP
  • noun and PP

17
Quiz 2
  • MIN 4
  • MAX 10
  • AVE 8.2
  • I only took off 1/2 point for an additional
    incorrect response

18
Next time
  • VP and S
  • II.2.1-5 pp. 92-107, Ex. 2, 10, 16-18
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