Hyperspace

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Hyperspace
HYPERSPACE

• A presentation by Ivan Botev, Preslav Rachev and
  Tseno Stoyanov

A presentation by Tseno Stoyanov Ivan Botev and
Preslav Rachev
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What is Hyperspace
A hyperspace is a space with more than the
"usual" 4 dimensions, that is 3 spatial
dimensions and 1 time dimension (the 3 spatial
and 1 time dimensions are collectively referred
to as "spacetime"). Whether this actually exists
or not is still a matter of debate. Conventional
physical theories like general relativity,
quantum mechanics and electrodynamics require
only 4 dimensions. However, some of these
theories are incompatible with each other in
certain physical regimes for instance, general
relativity doesn't work very well at describing
systems where quantum mechanics is important, and
vice-versa. Many physicists are therefore trying
to develop "unifying" theories, or theories that
interpret the Universe at a more fundamental
level than the ones we currently have do.
Theories like quantum mechanics and general
relatvity could then be "derived" from the same
unified theory, resolving the compatibility
issues. Many popular unifying theories operate in
many-dimensional hyperspaces a good example is
string theory, which invokes 11 dimensions!
Although these theories are partially successful
at reproducing conventional physics, they remain
very incomplete and largely unproven.
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Hyperspace Theories
Hyperspace theories are concerned with
theoretical systems that have more than the
familiar three spatial dimensions. Hyperspace
theories are largely a mathematical theory but
their developers often attempt to make them of
use to physicists. Hyperspace theorists generally
believe that the laws of nature are simpler in
higher dimensions. Hyperspace is also known as
the way to travel faster than light speed in
Science Fiction. Superstring theories are a
particular class of hyperspace theories that are
of interest to physicists who are attempting to
find a fundamental physical theory that unites
all known physical forces and particles. Such
hyperspace theories suggest the possibility that
everything in the universe can be described in
terms of fundamental physical components that
vibrate within the constraints imposed by the
multiple extended and compact dimensions of
hyperspace. Current mathematical methods suggest
that there are only a few "natural" possibilities
for the number of these comparable directions.
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A brief history of hyperspace theory
Albert Einstein in 1915 introduced the idea that
gravity is to be explained as the warping of
four-dimensional (4-d) spacetime. Whatever doubts
physicists had - and there were many - about the
reality of the 4-dimensionality of spacetime (as
a unified geometrical whole which could be
warped) were erased by the dramatic verification
of Einstein's gravity theory (called the General
Theory of Relativity) in 1919, when a group of
British astronomers led by Arthur Eddington
measured the bending of starlight grazing the sun
during a solar eclipse. The decade of the 1920s
was the most revolutionary decade in physics and
astronomy. I will mention only the highlights. In
quantum physics deBroglie's wave-particle
duality Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, and the
uncertainty principle Bohr's complementarity
principle Pauli's exclusion principle
Schroedinger's wave function equation Dirac's
antimatter equation (which unified quantum theory
and Einstein's special relativity) The Swedish
physicist Oscar Klein in 1926 spoke to both these
questions by publishing his version of the 5-d
theory, in which the 5th dimension is not visible
to us because it is an extremely small compact
dimension in other words, each point of 4-d
spacetime is replaced by a tiny circle whose
radius is around 10-33 cm. This is the Planck
length, which is named for Max Planck who defined
this size as the basic unit of size in the
quantum world. Since general relativity and
quantum theory are gigantic worlds unto
themselves (and hardly on speaking terms with
each other), it is not surprising that in order
to unify these two theories as sub-theories of a
larger theory physicists have envisaged many new
consequences, chief among them being the
hyperdimensional (10-d) spacetime.
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Flat theory of Hyperspace

• There is a completely separate class of
  hyperspace theory where "hyperspace" is generally
  seen as the flat space 'above' (ie faster than)
  ordinary space. These are called 'Flat
  hyperspace' theories because they generally
  assume that space is completely flat and rigidly
  tied at three spatial dimensions that are fixed
  in dimensionality up to the largest scales. In
  most of these theories time is regarded as a
  single point and not seen as a separate
  'dimension'. Obviously gravity cannot then be
  explained by spatial curvature and another
  explanation is needed - one method is to allow
  local inertial frames that can accelerate
  relative to each other, other possibilities
  include quantum theories of gravity which are
  based on things like gravitons or quantum states.
  These hyperspace theories obviously conflict with
  some parts of relativity, and are not generally
  seen today as part of mainstream science.

There is a completely separate class of
hyperspace theory where "hyperspace" is generally
seen as the flat space 'above' (ie faster than)
ordinary space. These are called 'Flat
hyperspace' theories because they generally
assume that space is completely flat and rigidly
tied at three spatial dimensions that are fixed
in dimensionality up to the largest scales. In
most of these theories time is regarded as a
single point and not seen as a separate
'dimension'. Obviously gravity cannot then be
explained by spatial curvature and another
explanation is needed - one method is to allow
local inertial frames that can accelerate
relative to each other, other possibilities
include quantum theories of gravity which are
based on things like gravitons or quantum states.
These hyperspace theories obviously conflict with
some parts of relativity, and are not generally
seen today as part of mainstream science.
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Hyperspace in Science Fiction
Along side these stories which more or less toe
the line with special relativity, proclaiming
that FTL travel is impossible are stories that
took the next step following the developments in
Einstein's General Theory of relativity. Authors
began, tentatively at first and then with
increasing boldness, to find technological
solutions to space travel that did not involve
moving through ordinary 3-dimensional space with
its nasty "thou shalt not exceed the speed of
light" edict. These methods might be termed
'inter dimensional travel' since that is often
the manner in which the problem is solved. This
sub-genera of writing probably had its inception
when authors began exploring certain conceptual
ideas in general relativity. As they became more
comfortable with the ideas of multi-dimensional
space, developed an increasing array of
applications for it. At first, these journies
were limited to laboratory experiments that went
badly wrong. Rog Phillips in The Cube Root of
Conquest(1948) proposes that we co- exist along
with other universes in space, but are separated
in time. These universes are separated from one
another along a 3-dimensional time continuum
which are in the 'imaginary' direction from
normal 3-dimensional space. Travel to these
parallel worlds requires solving a cubic
equation, whose roots give the proper time-like
shift to enter these worlds. In 1947, Asimov's
short story Little Lost Robot has 'Hyperatomic
Drive' shortened to 'Hyperdrive' and goes on to
describe how "...fooling around with hyper-space
isn't fun. We run the risk of blowing a hole in
normal space-time fabric and dropping right out
of the universe". SF has been with us as a
recognizable literary genera for nearly a century
and represents an evolving network of ideas that
develope almost parallel to revolutions in
scientific thinking. Jules Vern's submarines and
airships were almost patentable. Then came atomic
powered rockets of the Buck Rogers variety,
followed by a progressive refinement of drive
technology into 'warp engines', hyperdrive and
teleportation. As the technology of SF has become
more sophisticated, it has also found itself more
in the league of magic. It has all but left the
real world, or reasonable extensions of it. Only
the setting (the Galaxy) and the human condition
( greed, power, love, war) remain as fixed
reference points operating in recognizable ways.
Has SF finally evolved beyond its own definition?
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