Urbanization

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Urbanization

• Crime Deviance
• Race Ethnicity

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"The Chicago School" The Impact of
Urbanization

• Three Waves of Migration (1930s-40s)
• Classical
• Rural to Urban
• From Europe (especially Eastern Europe)
• Classical, part II
• Rural Black Farmers

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Chicago Growth, 1850-1940
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Chicago Growth, 1850-1940
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Increased Pluralism

• Added Importance to
• Race
• A social category based upon some inherited,
  biological characteristic
• Ethnicity
• A social category based upon some cultural trait
  or characteristic

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Pluralism (contd)

• Contributes to
• Stereotypes
• simplified, rigid mental images of what members
  of certain groups are like
• Discrimination
• the unequal treatment of certain people on the
  basis of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender

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Chicago School Settlement Patterns

• Ecology of the city
• Process of invasion settlement of a territory
• Concentric Zones
• Zone 1 Central Business District
• Newcomers settle in Zone 2 (the zone in
  transition)
• Natural Areas

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Immigration Assimilation

• Assimilation
• "a process of cooperation in which one ethnic
  group loses its identity"
• Differences between 1st and 2nd Generation
  Immigrants

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Social Disorganization

• Louis Wirth, Urbanism as a Way of Life
• The city as a troubled place
• Especially Zone 2
• The zone in transition
• Crime, mental illness, alcoholism, drug
  addiction, etc.
• Crude crime rate (crimes/1000)
• Always highest in zone 2

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Why Do People Deviate?

• Biological Psychological Attempts to Explain
• Inherited inferiorities/abnormalities
• Physique
• Phrenology
• XYY
• Minority of Cases

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A Note on Causality

• Correlation
• X and Y are always found together in time and
  space
• Temporality
• X always precedes Y
• Intervening Variables?
• X ? Z ? Y

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Sociological Explanation of Crime Deviance

• Not biological, not psychological
• Time in zone in transition 4-7 years
• Over time, population turns over
• But crime deviance rates consistently highest
  in zone 2
• Social Disorganization (Wirth et al.)
• Not individuals not biology, not psychology

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Sociological Explanations (contd)

• Thorstein Sellin cultural conflict
• Frederick Thrasher gang activity
• Daniel Bell Crime as an American Way of Life

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Sociological Explanations of Crime/Deviance Since
Chicago School

• Edwin Sutherland
• Differential Association
• Gresham Sykes David Matza
• Techniques of Neutralization
• Robert Merton
• Anomie
• Deviance and Opportunity Structures

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Merton Anomie
Culturally Approved Goals Legit Instit. Means
Conformity
Innovation -
Ritualism -
Retreatism - -
Rebellion /- /-
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Durkheim Crime Deviance are Functional

• Universal, so necessary
• Society of monks
• Boundary Maintenance
• Group Solidarity
• Innovation
• Tension Reduction

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Labeling Theory

• Howard Becker Edwin Lemert
• Not the act, but the societal reaction
• Secondary deviance (Lemert)
• Deviance varies across
• Time
• Situation
• Culture Society