CHAPTERS 10

1
CHAPTERS 10 11
2
CHAPTERS 10 11

• NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
• MONITOR CHANGES INSIDE OUTSIDE BODY
• CHANGES STIMULI
• INFORMATION SENSORY INPUT
• PROCESSES INTERPRETS SENSORY INPUT
• PROCESSINTEGRATION
• EFFECTS A RESPONSE BY ACTIVITING GLANDS OR
  MUSCLES VIA MOTOR OUTPUT

3
CHAPTERS 10 11

• HOW DID YOU REACT?
• HOW FAST DID THAT OCCUR?

4
CHAPTERS 10 11

• ORGANIZATION
• STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
• STRUCTURAL
• 2 SUBDIVISION
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
• BRAIN
• SPINAL CORD
• INTEGRATING PORTION

5
CHAPTERS 10 11

• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
• NERVES THAT EXTEND FROM BRAIN SPINAL CORD
• SPINAL NERVES CARRY IMPULSES TO AND FROM SPINAL
  CORD
• CRANIAL NERVES CARRY IMPUSLES TO AND FROM BRAIN

6
CHAPTERS 10 11

• FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
• SENSORY OR AFFERENT DIVISION
• NERVE FIBERS THAT CONVEY IMPULSES TO CNS
• SENSORY FIBERS DELIVER IMPULSES FROM SKIN,
  MUSCLES, JOINTS SOMATIC SENSORY FIBERS
• VISCERAL FIBERS DELIVER IMPULSES FROM INTERNAL
  ORGANS VISCERAL SENSORY FIBERS OR VISCERAL
  AFFERENTS

7
CHAPTERS 10 11

• MOTOR OR EFFERENT DIVISION
• CARRIES IMPULSES FROM CNS TO EFFECTOR ORGANS
  (GLANDS OR MUSCLES)
• SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSCIOUS OR VOLUNTARY
  CONTROL
• BUT, INVOLUNTARY REFLEXES ARE CONTROLLED BY THE
  SAME FIBERS

8
CHAPTERS 10 11

• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTOMATIC OR
  INVOLUNTARY ACTIVITIES
• SMOOTH MUSCLE
• CARDIAC MUSCLE
• GLANDS
• SYMPATHETIC
• PARASYMPATHETIC

9
CHAPTERS 10 11

• SUPPORTING CELLS
• NEUROGLIA
• SEVERAL TYPES OF CELLS THAT SUPPORT, INSULATE AND
  PROTECT NEURONS

10
CHAPTERS 10 11

• ASTROCYTES STAR SHAPED CELLS
• 50 OF NEUROGLIAL CELLS
• CLING TO NEURONS
• BRACE ANCHOR NEURONS TO BLOOD VESSELS
• LIVING BARRIER BETWEEN CAPILLARIES AND NEURONS

11
CHAPTERS 10 11

• HELP CONTROL CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT BY PICKING UP
  EXCESS IONS AND ABSORBING NEUROTRANSMITTERS

12
CHAPTERS 10 11

• MICROGLIA
• SPIDER-LIKE PHAGOCYTES
• GET RID OF DEBRIS INCLUDING DEAD BRAIN CELLS AND
  BACTERIA

13
CHAPTERS 10 11

• EPENDYMAL CELLS
• LINE CAVITIES OF BRAIN SPINAL CORD
• CILIA CIRCULATE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
• OLIGODENDROCYTES
• WRAP EXTENSIONS AROUND NERVE FIBERS
• PRODUCING AN INSULATING (FATTY) COVERING CALLED
  MYELIN SHEATH

14
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15
CHAPTERS 10 11

• NEUROGLIA
• DO NOT TRANSMIT
• NEVER LOSE ABILITY TO DIVIDE (NEURONS DO)
• MOST BRAIN TUMORS ARE ACTUALLY GLIAL TUMORS

16
CHAPTERS 10 11

• NEUROGLIAL CELLS IN PNS
• SCHWANN CELLS SATELLITE CELLS
• SCHWANN CELLS
• FORM MYELIN SHEATH IN PNS
• SATELLITE CELLS
• PROTECTIVE, CUSHIONING CELLS

17
Usually, one thinks of a Schwann Cell simply
wrapping an axon in myelin However, even
unmyelinated axons are "ensheathed" in Schwann
Cells. There is no myelin here, the axons are
simply held in invaginations of the Schwann
Cell's cytoplasm
18
CHAPTERS 10 11

• NEURONS
• HIGHLY SPECIALIZED
• CELL BODY METABOLIC CENTER
• CONTAINS USUAL ORGANELLES EXCEPT CENTRIOLES
  WHICH SHOWS THAT IT CANT DIVIDE

19
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20
CHAPTERS 10 11

• PROCESSES (FIBERS)
• DENDRITES PROCESSES THAT RECEIVE INCOMING
  MESSAGES AND GENERATE NERVE IMPULSES TOWARD CELL
  BODY

21
(No Transcript)
22
CHAPTERS 10 11

• AXONS
• GENERATE IMPULSES AWAY FROM CELL BODY
• END AXON TERMINAL
• CONTAIN SACS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
• SEPARATED FROM OTHER NEURONS BY GAPSYNAPTIC
  CLEFT (SYNAPSE)

23

• SOME ARE COVERED BY MYELIN
• PROTECTS AND INSULATES THE FIBERS
• INCREASED THE RATE OF NERVE IMPULSES
• OUTSIDE CNS SCHWANN CELLS
• INSIDE CNS OLIGODENDROCYTES

24
CHAPTERS 10 11

• IMPORTANCE OF MYELIN
• BEST SHOWN BY PEOPLE WITH MS (MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS)
• MYELIN SHEATH IS GRADUALLY DESTROYED, CONVERTED
  TO HARDENED SHEATHS CALLED SCLEROSIS
• IMPULSE IS SHORT-CIRCUITED PERSON LOSES ABILITY
  TO CONTROL MUSCLES
• AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE NO CURE

25
ENTERTAINERS
ATHLETES
ACTORS
26
CHAPTERS 10 11

• CLUSTERS OF NEURON CELL BODIES IN CNS NUCLEI
• WELL PROTECTED
• NO CELL DIVISION AFTER BIRTH
• CLUSTERS OF NEURON CELL BODIES IN PNS GANGLIA
• BUNDLES OF NERVE FIBERS
• IN CNS TRACTS
• IN PNS NERVES

27
CHAPTERS 10 11

• WHITE MATTER
• MYELINATED REGIONS IN CNS
• GRAY MATTER
• UNMYELINATED REGIONS IN CNS

28
CHAPTERS 10 11

• FUNCTIONAL CLASS OF NEURON GROUPS
• SENSORY NEURON (AFFERENT)
• CELL BODY IN GANGLION
• DENDRITE RECEPTORS IN BODY
• MOTOR NEURON (EFFERENT)
• CELL BODY IN CNS
• ASSOCIATION OR INTERNEURON
• CONNECT SENSORY AND MOTOR

29
(No Transcript)
30
CHAPTERS 10 11

• STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
• MULTIPOLAR SEVERAL PROCESSES
• ALL MOTOR NEURONS AND ASSOCIATION

31
CHAPTERS 10 11

• BIPOLAR NEURON
• 1 AXON 1 DENDRITE
• RARE
• FOUND IN EYE AND NOSE

32
CHAPTERS 10 11

• UNIPOLAR NEURON
• SINGLE PROCESS
• SENSORY
• CAN CONDUCT TO AND FROM CELL BODY

33
CHAPTERS 10 11

• NERVE IMPULSE
• IRRITABILITY ABILITY TO RESPOND TO A STIMULUS
  AND CONVERT IT INTO A NERVE IMPULSE
• CONDUCTIVITY ABILITY TO TRANSMIT THE IMPULSE TO
  OTHER NEURONS, MUSCLES AND GLANDS

34
CHAPTERS 10 11

• RESTING MEMBRANE IS POLARIZED

35
CHAPTERS 10 11

• DIFFERENT TYPES OF STIMULI
• LIGHT EXCITES EYE RECEPTORS
• SOUND EXCITES EAR RECEPTORS
• PRESSURE EXCITES CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS
• MOST ARE EXCITED BY NEUROTRANSMITTERS

36
CHAPTERS 10 11

• RESULT SAME PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES OF THE
  CELLS PLASMA MEMBRANE TO BECOME MORE PERMEABLE
  TO SODIUM
• NORMALLY NOT PERMEABLE TO SODIUM

37
CHAPTERS 10 11

• INITIATION OF IMPULSE ACTUALLY A RUSH OF SODIUM
  IONS
• CHANGES THE POLARITY OF THE MEMBRANE
  DEPOLARIZATION

38
CHAPTERS 10 11

• IF STIMULUS IS STRONG ENOUGH, AND SODIUM INFLUX
  IS GREAT ENOUGH ?ACTION POTENTIAL (NERVE IMPULSE)
• EITHER ALL OR NONE EITHER IT IS CONDUCTED ALL
  THE WAY TO THE END OR NOT AT ALL

39
CHAPTERS 10 11

• ANIMATION OF PROPAGATION
• ANIMATION
• ANOTHER ANIMATION

40
CHAPTERS 10 11

• AXON TERMINAL HAVE SACS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
  WHICH MOVE TO MEMBRANE AND RELEASE INTO SYNAPSE
• SO NERVE IMPULSE IS AN ELECTROCHEMICAL EVENT
• MEMBRANE RETURNS TO NORMAL ? REPOLARIZATION

41
CHAPTERS 10 11

• REFLEXES
• RAPID, PREDICTABLE AND INVOLUNTARY RESPONSES TO
  STIMULU
• OCCUR OVER NEURAL PATHWAY CALLED A REFLEX ARC
• SOMATIC REFLEXES ALL THAT STIMULATE SKELETAL
  MUSCLES
• AUTONOMIC REGULATE SMOOTH MUSCLES, HEART, AND
  GLANDS

42
CHAPTERS 10 11

• REFLEX ARC
• SENSORY RECEPTOR
• SENSORY NEURON
• INTEGRATION CENTER
• MOTOR NEURON
• EFFECTOR (MUSCLE OR GLAND)

43
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44
CHAPTERS 10 11

• CNS
• EMBYRO BEGINS AS A NEURAL TUBE

45
CHAPTERS 10 11

• WHEN THE TUBE DOESNT CLOSE PROPERLY.
• WARNING THIS IS NOT PLEASANT TO LOOK AT!

46
CHAPTERS 10 11

• BRAIN
• SIZE OF TWO FISTS
• TEXTURE OF COLD OATMEAL
• 3 POUNDS
• DIVISIONS
• CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
• DIENCEPHALON
• BRAIN STEM
• CEREBELLUM

47
CHAPTERS 10 11

• CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
• MOST SUPERIOR PART
• SURFACE
• RIDGES GYRI
• GROOVES SULCI
• DEEPER GROOVES FISSURES

48
CHAPTERS 10 11
GYRI
SUCI
49
CHAPTERS 10 11

• LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
• SEPARATES TWO HEMISPHERES (10)

50
CHAPTERS 10 11

• CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES CONTROLS
• SPEECH
• MEMORY
• LOGICAL RESPONSE
• EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
• CONSCIOUSNESS
• INTREPRETATION OF SENSATION
• VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

51
CHAPTERS 10 11

• SOMATIC SENSORY AREA
• LOCATED IN PARIETAL LOBE OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
• SENSORY RECEPTORS(EXCEPT SPECIAL SENSES) ARE
  LOCALIZED AND INTREPRETED HERE
• PAIN, COLDNESS, LIGHT TOUCH
• SENSORY PATHWAYS ARE CROSSED
• LEFT SIDE RECEIVES INFO FROM RIGHT SIDE OF BODY

52
(No Transcript)
53
CHAPTERS 10 11

• VISUAL STIMULI ? VISUAL CORTEX IN OCCIPITAL LOBE
• AUDITORY STIMULI ? TEMPORAL LOBE
• OLFACTORY STIMULI ? TEMPORAL LOBE

54
CHAPTERS 10 11
55
CHAPTERS 10 11

• PRIMARY MOTOR AREA
• CONSCIOUSLY MOVE SKELETAL MUSCLES
• MAJOR VOLUNTARY TRACT DESCENDS TO SPINAL CORD

56
CHAPTERS 10 11

• USUALLY ONLY IN ONE HEMISPHERE
• BROCAS AREA INVOLVED IN SPEAKING ABILITY
• SPEECH AREA SOUND OUT WORDS
• FRONTAL LOBE INVOLVED WITH LANGUAGE
  COMPREHENSION
• OUTER SURFACE OF CEREBRAL CORTEX GRAY MATTER

57
CHAPTERS 10 11

• UNDERLYING WHITE MATTER FIBER TRACTS CARRYING
  IMPULSES TO AND FROM CEREBRAL CORTEX
• CORPUS CALLOSUM LARGEST TRACT THAT CONNECTS
  RIGHT AND LEFT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
• ISLANDS OF GRAY MATTER FOUND WITHIN THE WHITE
  MATTER CALLED BASAL NUCLEI
• REGULATE VOLUNTARY MOTOR ACTIVITIES

58
CHAPTERS 10 11

• DIENCEPHALON

59
CHAPTERS 10 11

• SITS ON TOP OF BRAIN STEM
• ENCLOSED BY CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
• INCLUDES
• THALAMUS
• HYPOTHALAMUS
• EPITHALAMUS

60
CHAPTERS 10 11

• THALAMUS
• ENCLOSES THIRD VENTRICLE (CHAMBER)
• RELAY STATION FOR SENSORY IMPULSES
• PASSES IMPULSES UPWARD TO SENSORY CORTEX
• RECOGNITION OF WHETHER THE SENSATION YOU ARE
  ABOUT TO HAVE IS PLEASANT OR NOT

61
CHAPTERS 10 11

• HYPOTHALAMUS
• LOCATED ON THE FLOOR OF THE DIENCEPHALON
• IMPORTANT AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTER
• ROLE IN REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE, WATER
  BALANCE, AND METABOLISM

62
CHAPTERS 10 11

• CENTER FOR MANY DRIVES EMOTIONS
• IMPORTANT PART OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
• CONTROLS THIRST, APPETITE, PAIN, PLEASURE
• REGULATES THE PITUITARY GLAND
• PRODUCES TWO HORMONES

63
(No Transcript)
64
HYPOTHALAMUS

• It does an amazing number of housekeeping chores
  for such a small piece of tissue. Its lateral and
  anterior parts seem to support activation of the
  parasympathetic nervous system drop in blood
  pressure slowing of pulse and regulation of
  digestion, defecation, assimilation, and
  reproduction in such a way as to contribute on
  the whole to rest and recovery. The medial and
  posterior hypothalamus regulate activation
  acceleration of pulse and breathing rates, high
  blood pressure, arousal, fear and anger.
  Stimulation of specific groups of cells in these
  areas can elicit pure behaviors. For example,
  rats placed in an experimental situation where
  they can press a lever to stimulate a pleasure
  center will do so to the exclusion of eating and
  drinking. Stimulation of another area can produce
  rage.

65
CHAPTERS 10 11

• LIMBIC SYSTEM
• EMOTIONAL VISCERAL BRAIN
• FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
• CONTAINS
• Amygdala
• Cingulate Gyrus
• Fornix
• Hippocampus - STORES MEMORIES INTO LONG TERM
  MEMORY
• Hypothalamus
• Olfactory Cortex
• Thalamus

66
CHAPTERS 10 11
67
CHAPTERS 10 11

• PITUITARY GLAND
• HANGS FROM FLOOR OF HYPOTHALAMUS
• CLOSE ASSOCIATION ALLOWS CONTROL OF ENDOCRINE
  SYSTEM BY HYPOTHALAMUS

68
CHAPTERS 10 11

• EPITHALAMUS
• FOUND ON THE ROOF OF THE THIRD VENTRICLE
• CONTAINS PINEAL BODY ?GLAND
• PRODUCES MELATONIC WHICH IS THEN MADE INTO
  SERATONIN
• RELATES TO DAY/NIGHT CYCLES, MOODS

69
CHAPTERS 10 11

• BRAIN STEM
• SIZE OF YOUR THUMB
• INCLUDES
• MIDBRAIN
• PONS
• MEDULLA OBLONGATA

70
CHAPTERS 10 11

• BRAIN STEM
• PROVIDES A PATHWAY FOR ASCENDING AND DESCENDING
  TRACTS (MOSTLY WHITE MATTER)
• GRAY MATTER ? NUCLEI
• PART OF CRANIAL NERVES AND CONTROL VITAL
  ACTIVITIES SUCH AS BREATHING AND BLOOD PRESSURE

71
CHAPTERS 10 11

• MIDBRAIN
• CONTAINS REFLEX CENTERS
• CONTRIBUTES TO VISION AND HEARING
• PONS
• BRIDGE FOR FIBER TRACTS
• INVOLVED IN CONTROL OF BREATHING

72
CHAPTERS 10 11

• MEDULLA OBLONGATA
• MOST INFERIOR PART
• MERGES WITH SPINAL CORD
• CONTAINS FIBER TRACTS
• NUCLEI REGULATE VITAL VISCERAL ACTIVITIES SUCH
  AS HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, BREATHING,
  SWALLOWING, AND VOMITING

73
(No Transcript)
74
CHAPTERS 10 11

• RETICULAR FORMATION
• EXTENDS THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF BRAIN STEM
• COMPOSED OF GRAY MATTER
• INVOLVED IN MOTOR CONTROL OF VISCERAL ORGANS,
  CONSCIOUSNESS, AWAKE/SLEEP CYCLE
• DAMAGED COMA

75
CHAPTERS 10 11

• CEREBELLUM
• TWO HEMISPHERES
• OUTER CORTEX (SURFACE) GRAY MATTER
• INNER WHITE MATTER
• PROVIDES PRCISE TIMING FOR SKELETAL MUSCLE
  ACTIVITY
• CONTROLS BALANCE AND EQUILIBRIUM

76
CHAPTERS 10 11

• AUTOMATIC PILOT
• COMPARES BRAINS INTENTIONS WITH BODY PERFORMANCE
  BY MONITORING BODY POSITION

77
CHAPTERS 10 11

• PROTECTION OF CNS
• ENCLOSED IN BONE
• SURROUNDED BY WATERY CUSHION (CEREBROSPINAL
  FLUID)
• MEMBRANES
• BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

78
CHAPTERS 10 11

• MENINGES MEMBRANES
• DURA MATER OUTERMOST MEMBRANE
• ARACHNOID MATER MIDDLE LAYER
• PIA MATER INNER MEMBRANE THAT CLINGS TO THE
  BRAIN

79
CHAPTERS 10 11

• CFS
• SIMILAR TO BLOOD PLASMA
• EXCEPT LESS PROTEIN, MORE VITAMIN C AND ION
  COMPOSITION IS DIFFERENT
• CIRCULATED ALL AROUND VENTRICLES AND DOWN CENTRAL
  CANAL OF SPINAL CORD, OUTSIDE SPINAL CORD AND
  BRAIN
• 150ML OR ½ CUP
• LUMBAR (SPINAL) TAP REMOVE SAMPLE OF cfs FOR
  TESTING

80
CHAPTERS 10 11

• BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
• BRAIN CANNOT WITHSTAND FLUCTUATIONS IN ITS
  ENVIRONMENT
• COMPOSED OF THE LEAST PERMEABLE CAPILLARIES IN
  BODY
• WATER, GLUCOSE, AND ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS CAN
  EASILY PASS THROUGH
• METABOLIC WASTES UREA, TOXINS, PROTEINS AND
  MOST DRUGS CANNOT

81
CHAPTERS 10 11

• POTASSIUM IONS ARE ACTUALLY PUMPED OUT RATHER
  THAN IN
• BARRIER IS USELESS AGAINST FATS, GASES, AND OTHER
  FAT-SOLUBLE MOLECULES SUCH AS ALCOHOL, NICTOINE,
  ANESTHETICS

82
CHAPTERS 10 11

• SPINAL CORD
• 17 LONG
• CONTINUATION OF BRAIN STEM
• 2-WAY CONDUCTION PATHWAY TO AND FROM BRAIN
• MAJOR REFLEX CENTER

83
CHAPTERS 10 11

• BEGINS AT BASE OF SKULL TO 1ST OR 2ND LUMBAR
  VERTEBRAE (ENDS JUST BELOW RIBS)
• CUSHIONED AND PROTECTED BY CSF, BONE, MENINGES

84
CHAPTERS 10 11

• 31 PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES ARISE FROM CORD AND
  EXIT VERTEBRAL COLUMN TO SERVE BODY CLOSE BY
• CAUDA EQUINA POSTERIOR NERVES HANG DOWN
  VERTEBRAL COLUMN BEFORE EXITING

85
(No Transcript)
86
CHAPTERS 10 11

• DORSAL HORNS ASSOCIATION NEURONS
• VENTRAL HORNS CELL BODIES OF MOTOR NEURONS OF
  SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• DORSAL ROOT FIBERS ENTER CORD FROM CELL BODIES
  LOCATED IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION OUTSIDE SPINAL
  CORD

87
CHAPTERS 10 11

• MOTOR NEURONS OF VENTRAL HONRS ? FIBERS EXIT
  SPINAL CORD OUT VENTRAL ROOT
• DORSAL AND VENTRAL ROOT BECOME SPINAL NERVES
• WHITE MATTER OF SPINAL CORD
• MYELINATED FIBER TRACTS SEND IMPULSES TO HIGHER
  CENTERS IN BRAIN OR TO OTHER SIDE OF CORD
• DIVIDED INTO THREE REGIONS ? POSTERIOR, LATERAL,
  AND ANTERIOR

88
CHAPTERS 10 11

• POSTERIOR COLUMN ASCENDING SENSORY TRACTS
• LATERAL ANTERIOR COLUMN BOTH ASCENDING AND
  DESCENDING MOTOR TRACTS

89
1.Anterior (Ventral) Median Fissure
7.Posterior (Dorsal) Median Sulcus 2. White
Matter
8.Central Canal 3. Ventral Root
(Motor) 9.Posterior
Gray Horn (Sensory) 4.Gray Matter
10.Gray
Commissure 5.Dorsal Root Ganglia
11.Anterior Gray Horn
(Motor) 6.Dorsal Root (Sensory)
12.Spinal Nerve
90
CHAPTERS 10 11

• CRANIAL NERVES
• 12 PAIR
• SERVE HEAD AND NECK
• NUMBERED AND NAMED BY WHAT THEY CONTROL
• PAGES 250-251 SHOW THE ORIGIN, FUNCTION AND HOW
  TO TEST THEM
• REVIEW

91
CHAPTERS 10 11

• SPINAL NERVES
• 31 PIARS NAMED FOR THE REGION OF THE CORD THEY
  EXIT
• DIVIDE INTO DORSAL AND VENTRAL RAMI
• RAMI FUSE WITH RAMI ABOVE AND BELOW TO FORM
  PLEXUSES

92
CHAPTERS 10 11

• ANS AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SUBDIVISION OF PNS
• CONTROLS BODY ACTIVITIES AUTOMATICALLY
• REGULATES HEART, SMOOTH MUSCLES, GLANDS
• MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS
• DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS
• SYMPATHETIC
• PARASYMPATHETIC

93
CHAPTERS 10 11

• SYMPATHETIC
• MOBILIZES BODY DURING EXTREME SITUATIONS
• FEAR, ANXIETY, RAGE

94
CHAPTERS 10 11

• PARASYMPATHETIC
• RETURNS BODY TO NORMAL
• UNWINDS