Computer Architectures

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Computer Architectures CS401 Sabanci
University erkays_at_sabanciuniv.edu
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Motivation

• The IEEE/ACM Computer Curricula 2001, prepared by
  the Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula of
  IEEE Computer Society and ACM lists computer
  architecture as one of the core subjects that
  should be in the curriculum of all students in
  computer science and engineering.
• The computer lies at the heart of the computing.
  Without it most of the computing disciplines
  today would be a branch of theoretical
  mathematics. To be a professional in any field of
  computing today, one should NOT regard the
  computer just a black box that executes program
  by magic. All students of computing should
  acquire some understanding and appreciation of a
  computer systems functional components, their
  characteristics, their performance and their
  interactions. There are practical implications as
  well. Students need to understand computer
  architecture in order to structure a program so
  that it runs more efficiently on a real machine.
  In selecting a system to use, they should to able
  to understand the tradeoff among various
  components, such as CPU clock speed vs. memory
  size.

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Instructor

• Dr. Erkay Savas
• Office FENS 1098
• e-mail erkays_at_sabanciuniv.edu
• url http//people.sabanciuniv.edu/erkays
• class webpage http//people.sabanciuniv.edu/erka
  ys/cs401/cs401.html
• Phone x9606 (not a preferred way of
  communication)
• Use sucourse
• Office hour Tuesday (0940-1130)
• or by appointment

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Instruction

• Midterm 30
• After the term break
• In lab/recitation session
• Final 40
• No official lab sessions
• homework assignments will do
• Homework assignments 4-5 per term
• 15
• Project 10
• Participation attendance 5
• Quiz in-class questions

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ENIAC
worlds first general-purpose computer
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ENIAC by Eckert Mauchly

• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
• Technology Vacuum tubes (19000)
• Cost like 300 million USD.
• The main components
• 20 registers (each 10-digit wide, 60 cm long),
  addition/subtraction and temporary storage
• Initiator powering up/shutting down the
  computer, starting computation
• Master programmer controls the execution of
  programs

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ENIAC

• Multiplier
• multiplication of a 10-digit number by a d-digit
  number (for d up to 10) took d4 cycles, so a 10
  by 10-digit multiplication took 14 cycles, or
  2800 microsecondsa rate of 357 per second
• Function tables used for programming
• Programming by wiring the cables and setting
  3000 switches manually. Done for every program.
• Energy Consumption 200 Kilo Watt
• 30 tons
• Purpose Used for calculation of missile
  trajectories.

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Programming(!) ENIAC
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Dispute

• The English also claimed that the worlds first
  general-purpose computer was built in England
• COLOSSUS in 1943
• The problem was about the definition of
  general-purpose computer.
• Also by British, EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage
  Automatic Calculator)
• by Maurice Wilkes of Cambridge University in 1949
• Stored-program computer
• Non-electronic computers
• Harvard Mark I IBM ASCC (1944), Zuse Z3 (1941)

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Difference Engine

• By Charles Babbage in 1850s

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What about now?

• What are the capabilities of contemporary
  computers?

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Intel CentrinoTM Architecture

• CPU
• Chipset
• Wireless Network Interface

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Chipset
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Intel Core 2

• Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel's
  consumer 64-bit dual-core and MCM quad-core CPUs
  with the x86-64 instruction set,
• Produced From 2006
• Max CPU clock 1.06 GHz to 3.20 GHz
• FSB speeds 0533 MT/s to 1600 MT/s
• Process 65 nm to 45 nm
• Instruction set x86, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3,
  SSSE3, x86-64, SSE4 (SSE4 is for only
  Penryn-based processors)
• Microarchitecture Intel Core microarchitecture
• Cores 1, 2, or 4 (2x2)

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Yorkfield XE Processor

• Core 2 Extreme QX9650
• On November 11, 2007
• The first Intel desktop processor to use 45 nm
  technology and high-k metal gates.
• Features a dual-die quad core design
• Two unified level-two (L2) caches, with a total
  of 12 MiB (2 6144 KiB).
• Features a 1333 MHz FSB
• clock speed of 3 GHz.
• The processor incorporates SSE4.1 instructions
• total of 820 million transistors on 2x107 mm²
  dies.

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Mobile Processors Merom

• Core 2 Duo ULV U7700
• Clock speed 1333 MHz
• Second level Cache Size 2048 KiB
• Front Side Bus Speed 533 MT/s
• Voltage 0.80 - 0.975 V
• Power 10 W
• Release Date December 30, 2007
• Price 289
• Technology 65 nm
• Die Size 111 mm2.
• Virtualization and Trusted Execution Technology

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How is this progress possible?
What is the key technology behind it and what is
the law that is governing the progress in this
technology?
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Semiconductor Technology

• Transistors tiny devices that can be realized
  easily(!) in silicon which is abundant on earth.
• A transistor is basically a switch that can be
  used to implement some logical operations.
• A collection of transistor which implement a
  logical operation is called as gate.
• A gate implements a logic primitive (AND, OR)
• Using logical gates we can realize millions of
  useful operations we can think of.

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Moores Law

• The observation made in 1965 by Gordon Moore,
  co-founder of Intel,
• the number of transistors/in2 on IC had doubled
  every year since the IC was invented.
• Moore predicted that this trend would continue
  for the foreseeable future.
• The pace slowed down a bit,
• transistor density doubles approximately every 18
  months,
• and this is the current definition of Moores
  Law.
• Most experts expect Moores Law to hold for at
  least another one or two decades

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Architecture Organization

• More transistors and better process technology ?
  faster processors
• It is important to know what to do with these
  resources
• more memory
• larger cache
• another cache level
• a powerful multiplier unit
• unit for networking operations
• new instructions

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Extremes Fastest Computers

• Earth Simulator Computer (ESC)
• Built by NEC
• Fastest from 2002 to 2004
• Claimed Applications
• high resolution global models
• predictions of global warming.
• high resolution regional models
• predictions of el Niño, monsoon.
• Simulation of earthquake generation process
• Suspected Application
• Simulation of nuclear weapon explosions

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Fastest Computer ESC

• Processor technology NEC SX
• vector processor
• Multiprocessor system
• 5120 processors in total
• 10 TB of memory
• 700 TB of disk
• 450 TB ? system
• 250 TB ? users
• 1.6 PB of mass storage in tape drivers
• Area of the computer 4 tennis courts, three
  floors
• 35.86 trillion calculations per second (TFLOPS)

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Birds-Eye View of ESC
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Cross-Sectional View of ESC
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New ESC Facilities
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Wiring of ESC
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Blue Gene/L

• The first computer in the Blue Gene series
• 2004
• Linpack benchmark 36.01 TFLOPS
• 8-cabinet system, with each cabinet holding 1,024
  compute nodes
• On October 27, 2005, reaching 280.6 TFLOPS on
  Linpack,
• 65,536 "compute nodes" (i.e., 216 nodes)
• an additional 1024 "I/O nodes" in 64 air-cooled
  cabinets.
• a 900TB filesystem.
• During an upgrade in 2007 (LLNL BlueGene/L the
  performance increased to 478 TFLOPS sustained.

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Other Extreme Smallest

• Sensor Nodes
• Berkeley Mote

• 8-bit RISC processor
• 4 MHz clock
• 8 Kbytes Flash Memory for programs
• OS code space 3500 bytes
• Available code space 4500 bytes
• 512 bytes RAM Data Memory
• 10 Kbps radio

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Other Extreme Smallest

• Cost
• today 100
• need to be lt 1
• Size

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New Ideas, Concepts

• Ubiquitous computing
• Everywhere but not too visible,
• Easy to interact
• Real, the opposite of VR (virtual reality).
• Pervasive computing
• Numerous, casually accessible, often invisible
  computing devices
• Frequently mobile or embedded in the environment
• Connected to an increasingly ubiquitous network
  structure
• Wearable computer
• Embedded processors

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Embedded Processors

• Today, large majority of computation devices are
  not in desktop computers or workstations but
  embedded in video games, laser printers,
  automobiles, etc.
• Tomorrow, computation devices will be definitely
  and literally everywhere
• watches, roads, our clothes, our desk, and any
  small household item, walls of your house will
  have some sort of computational capacity if not
  certain type of intelligence.

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Embedded Processors
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Different Processors