I. The Western Crossroads

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I. The Western Crossroads

• How did Westward Expansion change the United
  States its People?

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War in the West
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A. American Indians Background

• By 1850- most American Indians now live WEST of
  the Mississippi River.
• Our government establishes Bureau of Indian
  Affairs to manage reservations, treaties, etc.
• Those that went peacefully to reservations
  were to receive government assistanceit never
  happened. Indians get angry.
• BIA signed treaties with some Indians but many
  were broken this led to many violent clashes.

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• 3. Plains Indians
• a. Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, and Sioux
• b. refused to live on reservations, because
  they were NOMADIC- they roamed the land following
  their main food source- BUFFALO
• 4. Before-time- period (BTP) Battles included
• a. Sand Creek Massacre (1864-200 Indians were
  killed- mostly women/children)
• b. Little Bighorn (1876- US General Custer is
  killed)

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B. End of Resistance

• Nez Perce Indians- Idaho, northeastern Oregon,
  and parts of Washington state.
• They lived on a reservation, but white
  settlers came to take it. They reluctantly left
  but some of the young Nez Perce killed 4 white
  settlers. Nez Perce fled.
• 2. CHIEF JOSEPH-Leader of Nez Perce, got w/n 40
  miles of Canadian border and surrendered to US
  Army.

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My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun
now stands, I WILL FIGHT NO MORE FOREVER.
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• 3. GERONIMO-Apache leader who fled his
  reservation with 75 followers. They raided
  settlements in Arizona and Mexico.
• Finally gave up on September 4, 1886.
• Once I moved like the wind.
• Now I surrender to you and
• that is all.

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C. End of American Indian Wars

• Plains-Indians/US Army wars concluded in South
  Dakota
• GHOST DANCE- religious movement that featured a
  dance ritual to bring Indian ancestors,
  traditions, and buffalo herds back to life.
• As the movement spread, US officials ordered
  the arrest of SITTING BULL- Sioux leader.
• Dec. 15,1890- Sitting Bull is killed along
  with 14 other Indians in a skirmish as police
  tried to arrest him.

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GHOST DANCE
GHOST SHIRT
SIOUX CHIEF SITTING BULL
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• 3. Read page 166 in your textbook.
• 4. Define
• BIG FOOT Sioux leader that had returned to
  following Ghost Dance. He wished no conflict with
  troops, so he took his group to Pine Ridge
  Reservation. On the way there, they camped at
  Wounded Knee Creek. Army troops found him.
• MASSACRE AT WOUNDED KNEE (DEC.28,1890) Fighting
  broke out between Sioux and US Army. Some say
  this was to avenge Custers death. 150 Sioux die,
  30 US soldiers- FINAL CLASH of INDIAN WARS

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D. Advocating and Assimilating American Indians

• 1. By 1880, US government controlled half billion
  acres of Indian land.
• 2. Indians suffered as settlers killed buffalo
• 3. Indians Rights Movement/ Womens National
  Indian Association- 2 examples of organizations
  that urged for reform in the treatment of
  American Indians.
• 4.HELEN HUNT JACKSON-
• A Century of Dishonor (1881)-
• criticized the government for its
• years of broken promises and
• mistreatment of American Indians.

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• 5. ASSIMILATION- Cultural absorption of American
  Indians (or other ethnic groups) into white
  America.
• 6. Read page 168. What are examples of this
  assimilation? Be sure to discuss the legislation.
• 7. Some American Indians rejected assimilation by
  organizing protests or rejecting individual
  farming.