Anxiety Disorders

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Anxiety Disorders
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ANXIETY

• ??????????? (anticipation)??????????????
  (danger)???? ???????????????
• ?????????????????????? ( feeling of dysphoria)
• ??????????????? (somatic symptoms )

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ANXIETY V FEAR

• KNOWN
• EXTERNAL
• DEFINITE

• UNKNOWN
• INTERNAL
• VAGUE

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Anxiety Disorders

• Disorders in which anxiety is a characteristic
  feature OR the avoidance of anxiety seems to
  motivate abnormal behavior.
• phobias
• panic disorder
• generalized anxiety disorder
• obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Phobic Disorders???????

• phobia (from the Greek phobos) which means
  fear
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ????????????????? panic attack.
• ???????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????

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Types of Phobias

• specific phobia or simple phobia
  ???????????????????????????????????? ?????? ????
  ????? ?????/?????????? ?????? ??????(enclosed
  spaces) ??????? ??? ?????????
• social phobia ?????????? ???????????????????????
  ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ????
• agoraphobia ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? panic disorder ??????
  ????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????
  ?????????? ???????????

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Panic Disorder

• panic attack ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????
• ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????????
  ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????
  (depersonalization, and derealization)
• ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????
  ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????

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panic disorder

• panic disorder with agoraphobia
• panic disorder without agoraphobia

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• agoraphobia ???? ????????????????
• (1) ??????????????????????????????????????
• (2) fro??????????????????????????????? ????
  ???????????????
• ??????????????????(typical situations) public d
  ??????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????
  ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????
• panic disorder with agoraphobia ??????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????
  panic attacks

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• ?????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????
  (prolonged vague fears) ???????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????chronic long term, almost a part of
  the persons personality
• symptoms sleep problems, muscle aches, digestive
  problems, headaches, inability to relax, constant
  worry, difficulty in concentration, headaches,
  etc.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• The person is plagued by obsessions and/or
  compulsions
• obsessions unwanted intrusive thoughts,
  obsessions often involve fear of making mistakes
  which might cause harm. Contamination and guilt
  are also common themes
• compulsions behaviors/rituals that reduce
  anxiety caused by obsessions, classic compulsions
  are checking, and washing

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

• Results from a traumatic event that is outside
  the normal range of human experience
• Typical experiences are military combat, police
  action, natural disaster, accidents, and being a
  crime victim.

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Symptoms of PTSD

• re-experiencing of the trauma through
• intrusive thoughts, dreams, and flashbacks
• avoidance of trauma-related stimuli
• the person is made anxious by, and avoids,
  reminders of the trauma
• exaggerated startle and hypervigilence
• other symptoms and associated problems
• tension, sleep problems, depression, social
  withdrawal, explosiveness, suspiciousness of
  others, substance abuse

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Causes of Anxiety Disorders

• heredity anxiety disorders do tend to run in
  families (esp. OCD)
• stress triggers anxiety in predisposed people,
  the primary cause of PTSD
• learning fears can be acquired via
  classical/operant conditioning or modeling
• biological preparedness hypothesis (Martin
  Seligman) We are prepared to become phobic of
  certain things as a result of our evolutionary
  history

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Sexual Disorders

• DSM-IV classifies sexual disorders under two
  major divisions
• sexual dysfunctions loss or impairment in some
  aspect of the normal human sexual response
• paraphilias Sexual disorders in which
  unconventional objects or situations become the
  focus of sexual interest

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Sexual Dysfunctions

• Some sexual dysfunctions are physical but most
  have a psychological basis
• erectile disorder The inability of a man to
  achieve or maintain an erection.
• female sexual arousal disorder The inability of
  a woman to become sexually aroused.

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Sexual Dysfunctions

• sexual desire disorders Disorders in which the
  person lacks sexual interest or has an active
  distaste for sex.
• sexual arousal disorder Inability to achieve or
  sustain arousal until the end of intercourse in a
  person who is capable of experiencing sexual
  desire.

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Sexual Dysfunctions

• orgasmic disorders Inability to reach orgasm in
  a person able to experience sexual desire and
  maintain arousal.
• premature ejaculation In ability of a man to
  inhibit orgasm as long as desired.
• vaginismus Involuntary muscle spasms in the
  outer part of the vagina that make intercourse
  impossible.

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Paraphilias

• Paraphillias are primarily a male phenomenon.
  Classical and operant conditioning likely play
  a role.
• fetishism A paraphilia in which a nonhuman
  object is the preferred or exclusive method of
  achieving sexual excitement.

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• voyeurism Desire to watch others having sexual
  relations or to spy on nude people.
• exhibitionism Compulsion to expose ones
  genitals in public to achieve sexual arousal.
• frotteurism Compulsion to achieve sexual
  arousal by touching or rubbing against a
  non-consenting person in public situations.

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• transvestic fetishism Wearing the clothes of
  the opposite sex to achieve sexual gratification.
  (dont confuse with trans-sexualism)
• sexual sadism Obtaining sexual gratification
  from humiliating or inflicting physical pain on a
  sex partner.
• sexual masochism Obtaining sexual gratification
  from being humiliated or receiveing physical pain
  from a sex partner.

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• pedophilia pre-pubescent children are the
  focus of sexual fantasy or actual sexual activity
• While this remains a fantasy it is a
  psychological disorder. When the person acts on
  the desire, it also becomes a criminal activity.
• most pedophiles have great difficulty fighting
  their desires

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Gender-Identity Disorder

• a strong belief that one is really a member of
  the opposite biological sex (i.e., a woman
  trapped in a mans body).
• many seek an operation to change their gender
  which is granted only after extensive counseling
  therapy (most are happy with the change)
• These individuals are NOT transvestites nor are
  they homosexuals