Chapter 13 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur

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Chapter 13 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and
Sulfur

• 13.4
• Aldehydes and Ketones

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Carbonyl Group in Aldehydes and Ketones

• A carbonyl group
• in an aldehyde is attached to at least one H
  atom.
• in a ketone is attached to two carbon groups.

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Naming Aldehydes

• An aldehyde
• has an IUPAC name in which the -e in the alkane
  name is changed to al.
• has a common name for the first four aldehydes
  that use the prefixes form (1C), acet (2C),
  propion (3C), and butyr (4C), followed by
  aldehyde.
• O O O
• 
  
• H-C-H CH3-C-H CH3-CH2-C-H
• methanal ethanal propanal
• (formaldehyde) (acetaldehyde) (propionaldehy
  de)

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Naming Aldehydes

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Aldehydes in Flavorings

• Several naturally occurring aldehydes are used as
  flavorings for foods and fragrances.

Benzaldehyde (almonds)
Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)
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Naming Ketones

• In naming ketones
• as IUPAC, the -e in the alkane name is replaced
  with
• one.
• With a common name, the alkyl groups attached to
  the carbonyl group are named alphabetically
  followed
• by ketone.
• O O
  
• CH3 -C-CH3 CH3-C-CH2-CH3 propanone
  2-butanone
• (dimethyl ketone) (ethyl
  methyl ketone)

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Ketones in Common Use

Nail polish remover, solvent Propanone,
Dimethylketone, Acetone
Butter flavoring
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Learning Check

• Classify each as 1) aldehyde or 2)
  ketone. O O
• A. CH3CH2CCH3 B. CH3CH
• CH3 O
• C. CH3CCH2CH D.
• CH3

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Solution

• A. 2 ketone
• B. 1 aldehyde
• C. 1 aldehyde
• D. 2 ketone

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Learning Check

• Classify each as an
• 1) aldehyde 2) ketone 3) alcohol or 4)
  ether.
• O
• A. CH3-CH2-C-CH3 B. CH3-O-CH3
• CH3 O OH
• C. CH3-C-CH2-C-H D. CH3-CH -CH3
• CH3

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Solution

• O
• A. CH3-CH2-C-CH3 B. CH3-O-CH3
• 2) ketone 4) ether
• CH3 O OH
• C. CH3-C-CH2-C-H D. CH3-CH-CH3
• CH3
• 1) aldehyde 3) alcohol

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Learning Check

• Name each of the following.
• O
• 1. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-C-H
• O
• 2. Cl-CH2-CH2-C-H
• O
• 3. CH3-CH2-C-CH3

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Solution

• Name each of the following
• O
• 1. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-C-H pentanal
• O
• 2. Cl-CH2-CH2-C-H 3-chloropropanal
• O
• 3. CH3-CH2-C-CH3 2-butanone
• ethyl methyl ketone

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Learning Check

• Name the following compounds.
• O
• A. CH3CH2CH2CCH3 B.
• CH3 O
• C. CH3CCH2CH
• CH3

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Solution

• A. 2-pentanone methyl propyl ketone
• B. cyclohexanone
• C, 3,3-dimethylbutanal

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Learning Check

• Draw the structural formulas for each
• A. 4-methylpentanal
• B. 2,3-dichloropropanal
• C. 3-methyl-2-butanone

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Solution

• Draw the structural formulas for each
• CH3 O
  
• A. 4-methylpentanal CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-C-H
• Cl O
• B. 2,3-dichloropropanal Cl-CH2-CH-C-H
• 
  CH3 O
• C. 3-methyl-2-butanone CH3-CH-C-CH3