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Scripps Institution of Oceanography

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Title: Scripps Institution of Oceanography


1
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Scientific Diving
  • Scripps Institution of Oceanography
  • University of California, San Diego
  • La Jolla, California

2

Scientific Diving

Scientific diving is diving performed solely as
a necessary part of a scientific, research, or
educational activity by employees whose sole
purpose for diving is to perform scientific
research tasks.
As defined by OSHA regulations (29 CFR 1910.402)
3

Scientific Diving
  • The purpose of the project using scientific
  • diving is the advancement of science. The
  • tasks of a scientific diver are those of an
  • observer and data gatherer.
  • Scientific divers, based on the nature of their
  • activities, must use scientific expertise in
  • studying the underwater environment, and,
  • therefore are scientists, or scientists-in-
  • training.

4

Diving as a Research Tool
  • Scientific divers must be trained to use this
  • tool to a level of proficiency that allows
    them
  • to focus on the research task.
  • Most scientific institutions and universities
  • require extensive training and specialized
  • experience before authorizing their
    scientists
  • and research support staff to conduct
  • underwater research using scuba, hookah and
  • surface supplied diving.

5

The Pursuit of Science
  • Scientific diving differs from recreational
    diving
  • and commercial diving in many ways. The
  • advancement of science is the single goal.
  • For many recreational divers, the thrill of
    breathing
  • on scuba and enjoying the panoramic view of
    life
  • beneath the sea is in itself the end goal of
    learning
  • to dive.
  • Commercial divers are underwater construction
  • workers, builders and trouble shooters.

6

Scientific Diver Population
  • 4,000 individuals in the U.S.
  • majority of long-term, career scientific divers
    (e.g.
  • federal employees, university professors) in
    the
  • 35 average age category
  • high turnover of scientific divers at the
    university
  • student level (1834 age category)
  • no upper age limit for certification, the lower
    limit
  • is generally 18 years of age

7

Locations
  • subtropical seas
  • temperate waters
  • freshwater rivers and lakes
  • karst formations
  • polar environments
  • blue water (open ocean)
  • submarine canyons
  • estuaries
  • offshore platforms

Heine, J.N. 1999. Scientific Diving Techniques
A Practical Guide for the Research Diver. Best
Publishing, Flagstaff. 225 p.
8

Early Scientific Diving
  • The first recorded scientific dives were made by
    Henri Milne-Edward (Sicily) circa 1844 in a
    commercial diving suit to a depth of 25 ft.

9
  • C.K. Tseng
  • 1944
  • Chinese biologist
  • working at SIO
  • during WWII
  • Used Surface-Supplied
  • Japanese Heavy Gear to
  • study marine algae in
  • San Diego Bay
  • Frank Haymaker
  • 1947
  • Observation of Scripps Canyon using Hard Hat
    equipment for SIO
  • researcher, Dr. Francis Shepard

10

Conrad Limbaugh
Andreas Rechnitzer
SCUBA comes to Scripps
11

Diving at Scripps
  • Scripps was a branch of UCLA
  • Limbaugh convinced advisor that new Aqualung
    would be a
  • valuable tool.
  • Initially purchased 1 from Renes Sporting
    Goods and taught each
  • other how to dive.

DONT HOLD YOUR BREATHE!
  • In 1950, with a second set in tow, arrived at
    SIO thus initiating
  • Scripps diving.

12

Dive Training at Scripps
  • Initially pretty informal
  • The training consisted more of a demonstration
    than training.
  • 1951, first official training course developed
    out of necessity
  • A diver at another UC campus died in a diving
    accident
  • Revelle, President of the UC, mandated more
    formalized
  • training.
  • Many of divings fundamental principles Swim
    Tests, the
  • Buddy System, Buddy Breathing, and the Ditch
    and Don
  • were developed in this process.
  • 1952 first organized written syllabus was
    developed.

13

Scripps and LA County
  • In 1953, Al Tillman, Bev Morgan, and Ramsey
    Parks from LA
  • County Parks and Recreation participated in
    one of the early
  • courses.
  • Developed the first formal diving instruction
    and certification
  • program available to the public.
  • The LA County program became the basis for all
    future
  • recreational diving programs.
  • Limbaugh, Jim Stewart, and Wheeler North
    assisted the first LA
  • County Instructor courses.

14

Jim Stewart
  • Stewart was an accomplished free-
  • diver and member of the
  • Bottomscratchers.
  • In 1952 , Stewart became a volunteer
  • at SIO helping Limbaugh with diver
  • training.
  • In 1955, Stewart was hired part-time
  • to assist Dr. Wheeler North with kelp
  • forest research.
  • Participated in the first science
  • diving research cruise as well as
  • multiple expeditions to Enewitok and
  • Bikini (atomic tests)

15

Transition
  • In 1960, Limbaugh was killed in a cave diving
    accident
  • in Cassis, France.
  • Stewart named to replace Connie as the
    Principle Health and
  • Safety Technologist.
  • Changed position title to Diving Safety
    Officer.
  • As scientific diving became more prominent,
    Stewart was
  • fundamental in the formalization and
    perpetuation of scientific
  • diver training and operational standards

University Guide for Diving Safety
16

Scientific Diving Safety Programs
  • Diving Safety Programs serve a two-fold purpose
  • a research support function that assists the
  • diving scientist with specialized underwater
  • equipment, advice, and diver support.
  • a risk management function that protects the
  • safety and health of the individual
    scientist, and
  • the employing organization from excess
    liability
  • exposure.

17

Scientific Diving Entities
  • research institutions.
  • public and private universities, museums and
  • aquaria (predominantly research, education,
    and
  • teaching roles).
  • consulting companies (predominantly contractual
  • environmental, geological, and archaeological
  • investigations.

18

OSHA Scientific Diving
  • 1975 - The United Brotherhood of Carpenters and
  • Joiners of America, supported by the AFL-CIO,
  • petitioned the Federal Government urging a
  • standard be issued with respect to all
    professional
  • diving operations.
  • The permanent standard for Commercial Diving
  • became effective October 20, 1977.
  • The OSHA Commercial Diving Standard if applied
  • to Scientific Diving Operations would present
    a
  • significant impediment.

19

The AAUS
  • Organized in 1977, AAUS was incorporated in the
  • State of California in 1983.
  • The Academy submitted arguments to OSHA on
  • October 15, 1979 citing
  • Self regulation and consensual standards for
    over 20
  • years.
  • And an accident/incidence rate lower than the
  • Commercial Diving Industry.
  • After extensive negotiation and Congressional
  • Hearings, the scientific diving exemption to
  • commercial diving standards was issued,
    effective
  • November 28, 1982.

20

The Exemption
29 CFR Ch. XVII Subpart T 1910.401 Labor (OSHA)
  • Defined as scientific diving and which is under
    the
  • direction and control of a diving program
    containing at least the following elements
  • A. Diving Safety Manual
  • B. Diving Control Board

21

The Exemption
Appendix B to Subpart T - Guidelines for
Scientific Diving
  • 1. diving control board majority are active
    scientific divers - autonomous and absolute
    authority over program operations
  • 2. purpose of diving is advancement of science
  • 3. scientific diver is observer and data
    gatherer and,
  • 4. scientific divers use scientific expertise
    under water.

22

The AAUS
  • AAUS is an organization of Organizations
  • AAUS certifies Scientific Diving Programs
  • NOT individual divers
  • The strength of the Academy is this
  • Organizational Membership (OM)

23

Scientific Diving Standards
  • The American Academy of Underwater Sciences
    (AAUS) publishes standards
  • for scientific diving certification and
    operation of scientific diving programs
  • University National Oceanographic Laboratory
    System (UNOLS) research
  • vessel diving safety standards amplify the
    AAUS standards for diving from a
  • research vessel platform
  • The UNOLS standards for scientific diving are
    based on the AAUS Scientific
  • Diving standards
  • National Science Foundation (NSF) standards
    for Ice diving
  • The NSF standards for scientific diving are
    based on the AAUS Scientific Diving
  • standards
  • Other Scientific Diving Standards
  • NOAA Diving Program (Dept. of Commerce)
  • EPA
  • United States Geological Survey (Dept. of the
    Interior)
  • National Park Service
  • CMAS

24

Diving Safety
  • The ultimate responsibility for safety rests
    with the
  • individual diver...
  • Safety is the judgment of acceptability of
    risk. Risk is a
  • compound measure of probability and severity
    of harm to
  • human health. There are degrees of risk,
    therefore, degrees
  • of safety.
  • estimating risk is a scientific event (an
    objective and
  • probabilistic pursuit)
  • accepting risk is a political activity (a
    personal or social
  • judgment)
  • nothing is absolutely free of risk
  • Adapted from Lowrance, W.L. 1976
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