SIPRI

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SIPRI
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SIPRI

• Stockholm
• International
• Peace Research Institute
• Siemon Wezeman

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OAS and Confidence Building Measures Learning
from the rest
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What is a CBM?

• Measure to diminish mistrust and
  misunderstanding/worst case scenario thinking
• Measure to promote understanding and acceptance
• Measure to promote friendship and cooperation
• ALL IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY RELATIONS
• It is not something to address agreed problems
  like narco-traffic, organized crime or terrorists

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European CBM/CSBM

• ECSC - European Coal and Steel Community
  (1952-2002)
• Pooling European coal and steel production and
  establishing a free market for it
• Strategic/military capacity scope - not directly
  on military expenditures or weapons

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European CBM/CSBM

• EEC - European Economic Community (1957)
• Changed to European Union (1992)
• Broad strategic/military capacity scope - not
  directly on military expenditure, weapons or
  defence policy (excluded in 1957 and 1992
  treaties)
• Establishing integrated European economy

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European CBM/CSBM

• NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
• Co-operative defence
• Became more CSBM with re-armament of Germany
  (1955 - after failure of European Defence
  Community)
• Common military expenditure definition
• Transparency Public data on military expenditure

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European CBM/CSBM

• CSCE - Conference on Security and Co-operation in
  Europe (1975)
• Changed to OSCE - Organization for Security and
  Co-operation in Europe (1995)
• Transparency exchange of information on arms
  acquisition plans, acquisitions, holdings and
  disposition of forces
• Government-to-government

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European CBM/CSBM

• Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe - CFE
  (1989)
• Changed to Adapted CFE Treaty (1999)
• Result of serious Cold War tension of early-1980s
• Reduction of armaments
• Transparency Government-to-government reports on
  holdings, verification

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European CBM/CSBM

• Normal democratic behaviour
• Public and/or semi-public data on military
  expenditure, arms acquisitions, military doctrine
  and military/foreign policy
• Public discussion on the above in Parliament
• Strong involvement of and strong government and
  public support for NGO/think tanks analyzing the
  above

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European CBM/CSBM

• Outreach to other regions
• Share experiences
• Support CBM/CSBM actively
• Workshops on UNROCA
• Financial support for ECOWAS Moratorium
• Financial support for non-European NGOs and
  participation of non-Europeans in European NGO
  work

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Asian CBM/CSBM

• ASEAN-ARF - Association of South-East Asian
  Nations Regional Forum
• Publications of defence policy in Defence White
  Paper
• Code of Conduct in South China Sea
• Cooperative anti-piracy patrols

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African CBM/CSBM

• AU - African Union
• Permanent African peacekeeping units made up from
  units from several African countries
• ECOWAS
• Moratorium on arms acquisitions

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Middle Eastern CBM/CSBM

• ?
• At best the Arab League and Gulf Cooperation
  Council
• Some track 2 efforts

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Lessons to learn

• Integration of regions
• Economic/cultural
• Military

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Lessons to learn

• Importance of Transparency for democratic rule
• Improves general quality of democracy
• Possibly reduces waste (by allowing more informed
  decisions on spending)
• Improves internal relations
• Improves insight and trust by neighbours

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Lessons to learn

• Provision of data is not enough - Analysis has to
  be done and to be possible
• Data available to public or neutral analysts
• Freedom of speech - analysts have to be allowed
  to say whatever they think
• Support for independent analysis - NGO/think tanks

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Lessons to learn

• CBM/CSBM mechanisms and Transparency are means
  NOT a goals
• CBM/CSBM mechanisms and Transparency need to be
  useful
• CBM/CSBM obligations have to be doable
• Streamline/coordinate measures
• Support for less capable members

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SIPRI

• Siemon Wezeman
• Senior Researcher/Project Leader
• Arms Transfers Project
• 46-08-6559739 or 46-08-6559700
• swezeman_at_sipri.org