Chapters 4 and 5

1
Chapters 4 and 5

• Class 3

2
Internal Validity
Ext V High Low
3

• Validity
• Assessment
• Research Design

4
Types of Validity

• Statistical Conclusion
• Internal
• Construct
• External

5
Statistical Significance

• What do we mean when we say that there is a
  negative (or inverse) and statistically
  significant relation between perceived sexist
  discrimination and self-esteem?
• Type I error
• Type II error

6
Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity

• Power
• Violated assumptions of tests
• Fishing and error rate problems
• Unreliability of measures
• Unreliability of treatment implementation
• Extraneous variance in the experimental setting
• Heterogeneity of participants
• Inaccurate effect size estimations

7
Threats to Construct Validity 1

• Inadequate explication of construct
• Construct Confounding
• Mono-Operation bias (one instrument)
• Mono-Method Bias (one type of assessment)
• Treatment-Sensitive Factorial Structure
• Reactive Self-Report Change
• Reactivity to the Experimental Situation
• Experimenter Expectancies (allegiance)
• Novelty and Disruption Effects

8
Threats to Construct Validity 2

• Compensatory Equalization of Treatment
• Compensatory Rivalry
• Resentful Demoralization
• Diffusion of Treatment
• Inadequate sampling of the levels of the
  construct of interest
• Interaction of different treatments
• Interaction of testing and treatment
• Restricted generalizability of constructs

9
Threats to Internal Validity

• Ambiguous Temporal Precedence
• Selection
• History
• Maturation
• Regression towards the mean
• Attrition
• Testing Effects
• Instrumentation
• Reaction to control group assignment

10
Threats to External Validity

• Interaction of outcome (findings) with
• Persons participant characteristics
• Treatment Variation
• Outcome Measures
• Settings

11
True or False ??

• In well a designed study, researchers are able to
  conclude with total certainty that a
  statistically significant correlation between two
  constructs indicates that a true relationship
  exists (between the two constructs) in the
  population of interest.

12
Corning Introduction

• Change in research focus in the discrimination
  research literature from perpetrators to effect
  on victims.

13
Corning Introduction

• Change in research focus in the discrimination
  research literature from perpetrators to effect
  on victims.
• Mixed findings regarding the relation of
  discrimination\social stigma to self-esteem.

14
Corning Introduction

• Change in research focus in the
  discrimination research literature from
  perpetrators to effect on victims.
• Mixed findings regarding the relation of
  discrimination/social stigma to self-esteem.
• Mixed findings regarding the relation of
  discrimination (heterosexism, race-related
  stress, racism) to psychological distress.

15
Corning Introduction

• Issues in the measurement of perceived
  discrimination among stigmatized groups
• Description of Relative Deprivation Theory

16
Corning Introduction

• Studies show that self esteem is negatively
  related to distress and that it may serve as a
  moderator between stress and distress

17
Corning Introduction

• Findings support a negative relation between
  collective self-esteem and psychological distress
  
• Collective self-esteem is a person variable that
  may moderate the relation between perceived
  discrimination and distress.

18
Corning Introduction

• Justification of the study findings provide
  support for womens relative disadvantaged status
  and states purpose of the study.

19
Purpose of study

• to investigate the relationship of womens
  perceived discrimination to psychological
  distress using a relative deprivation frame work
  and to asses the impact of personal and
  collective self-esteem on that relationship.
  (page 119 top left)

20
Purpose of study

• to investigate the relationship of womens
  perceived discrimination to psychological
  distress using a relative deprivation frame work
  and to asses the impact of personal and
  collective self-esteem on that relationship.
  (page 119 top left)

21
Moradi Subich vs.Corning

• The literature cited when discussing the relation
  of discrimination to psychological distress
• Moradi Subich paragraphs 2-4
• Corning paragraphs 3-4

22
Moradi Subich vs.Corning

• The literature cited when discussing the utility
  of self-esteem as a moderator variable
• Moradi Subich paragraphs 8-12
• Corning paragraph 6