Notes on Chapter 12

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Notes on Chapter 12

• AIR

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A.

• 1. nitrogen
• 2. oxygen
• 3. argon, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor

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B. Air pollution

• 1. human activities
• 2. natural sources
• a. Volcanoes
• b. Dust
• c. Pollen
• d. spores

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II. Primary pollutants

• human activities
• 1. household products
• 2. power plants
• 3. motor vehicles
• 4. soot from smoke

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B. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

• 1. carbon monoxide
• a. Exhaust from vehicles
• 2. nitrogen oxide
• a. Vehicles
• b. Coal-burning plants
• 3. sulfur dioxide
• a. Coal and oil are burned
• b. Power plants, refineries, and metal
  smelters
• 4. vehicles and gas station spillage
• 5. household products

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C. Particulate matter

• 1. fine particulates
• a. Fuel burned by vehicles
• b. Coal-burning power plants
• 2. coarse particulates
• a. Cement plants
• b. Mining operations
• c. Incinerators
• d. Wood-burning fireplaces
• e. Fields
• f. Roads

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Primary Air Pollutants
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III. Secondary pollutants

• Chemical reaction
• A. Ground level ozone
• 1. UV rays of the sun mix with the O2 in
  the atmosphere

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IV.

• A. Foul air in Rome
• B. Burning of sea-coal
• 1. sea-coal
• 2. hanged for disobeying
• C. Industrial societies burn a lot of fossil
  fuels

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V. Motor vehicle

• A. 1/3
• gasoline burned by vehicles
• 1. 2.6 trillion miles
• a. 90
• passenger vehicles

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B. Clean Air Act

• Passed in 1970
• 1. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• vehicle emissions in the U.S.
• 2. lead in gasoline
• a. Lead pollution
• 90
• 3. catalytic converters
• 4. 35
• 95
• CO2
• 30

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CONTROLLING VEHICLE EMISSIONS
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C. Zero-emissions vehicle program

• 1. zero-emissions vehicles
• 2. 16
• a. SUVs, trucks, small vans, automobiles
• 3. for sale in California
• a. Advanced batteries
• b. Hydrogen fuel
• C. Partial
• 1) hybrid-electric cars
• 2) methanol fuel cells
• 4. Main, Massachusetts, New York, Vermont

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VI. Industrial

• A. Fossil fuels
• 1. sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
  into air
• 2. 2/3 of all sulfur dioxide
• 1/3 of all nitrogen oxides

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3. VOCs

• a. Oil refineries
• b. Chemical manufacturing plants
• c. Furniture refinishers
• d. Automobile repair shops
• e. People using some of the products
  containing VOCs

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1. Clean Air Act

• 2. pollution control devices
• a. Scrubber
• a spray of water
• 1) harmful
• a) ammonia

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b. Electrostatic precipitators

• Cement factories coal-burning power plants
• 1) electrical current
• 2) transferred to the dust partices
• a) stick to one another to sides of
  container
• 3) clean gas
• 4) collected and removed
• a) 22 million metric tons (20 million tons)
• each year in the U.S.

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3. Smog

• Over urban areas reduces visibility
• a. Sunlight, air, automobile exhaust, and ozone
• b. vehicles industries
• c. Los Angeles, Denver, Phoenix

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4. Temperature inversion

• above
• Below
• a. Minimizes air pollution
• 1) surface of Earth the air near Earth
• 2) carries pollutants away

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b. Trap pollution near Earths surface

• 1) at the surface from moving upward
• 2) pollutants are trapped
• c. Valleys
• 1) Los Angeles

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VII. Health

• A. Short-term effects
• reversible
• 1. headache
• 2. nausea
• 3. irritation to eyes, nose, throat
• 4. tightness in chest
• 5. coughing
• 6. upper respiratory infections
• 7. asthma emphysema

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Long-term effects

• 1. Emphysema
• 2. Lung cancer
• 3. Heart disease
• 4. Worsen conditions suffered by elderly
• 5. Damage the lungs of children

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Indoor

• Worse
• A. Plastics other industrial chemicals
• 1. carpets, building materials, paints, and
  furniture

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b. Sick-building syndrome

• 1. poor air quality
• a. hot places
• b. Tightly sealed to keep out heat
• 2.
• a. Identify causes remove pollutants
• b. Ventilation or mixing outdoor air with
  indoor air helps
• c. Increase ventilation when renovating or
  painting

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C. Radon gas

• radioactive
• 1. uranium
• a. A radioactive element
• b. Naturally in the Earths crust
• 2. holes cracks in foundations into
  buildings
• 3. adheres to dust

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4.

• dust
• genetic material
• Line air passages
• a. Cancer
• 1) second
• 2) people who smoke

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D. Asbestos

• Strength and resistance to heat
• 1. insulation
• fire retardant
• 2. banned
• a. From schools
• 3. in the air
• a. Cut and scar lungs causing asbestosis
• 1) difficulty breathing
• 2) heart failure and to death

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IX. Noise

• A. Unnecessary sounds
• B. Human health quality of human life
• C.
• 1. airplanes
• 2. construction equipment
• 3. city traffic
• 4. factories
• 5. home appliances
• 6. lawnmowers

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D. Health

• 1. loss of hearing
• 2. high blood pressure
• 3. stress
• 4. loss of sleep
• a. Decreased productivity at work
  or in class

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E. Decibels (dB)

• Intensity of sound
• 1. 0 dB
• 2. 10 times higher
• a. 10 X 10 dB
• b. 30 dB
• c. 40 dB
• 3. 120 dB
• 5. permanent deafness

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X. Light

• A. Direct
• B. Environment
• 1. diminishes view of night sky
• 2. Energy waste
• a. Directed upward lost in space
• b.
• 1) billboards other signs that are lit
  from below
• 2) lighting of building exteriors
• 3) poor quality street lights

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c. Solutions

• 1) directed downward
• 2) using time controls
• 3) low-pressure sodium sources
• a) most energy-efficient source of light

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XI. Acid Precipitation (acid rain)

• A. Burning fossil fuels
• 1. oxides of sulfur nitrogen
• 2. sulfuric acid nitric acid
• a. Acid precipitation

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• 3. Over through the ground, into lakes,
  rivers, streams
• 4. living things
• 5. the decline or loss of some animals
  plants

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B. pH (power of hydrogen)

• 1. the more acidic
• 2. the more basic
• 3. tenfold change in acidity
• 4. neutral
• a. Pure water

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5. Slightly acidic

• a. Carbon dioxide
• carbonic acid
• b. 5.6
• c. Less than 5.0

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6. geographic areas

• a. pH of 4.3 - 4.5
• b. pH of 4.5 5.1
• c. pH from 4.2 4.8
• 1) pH is 4.2
• North America

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1. acidification

• a. a drop in pH of soil water
• b. balances of a soils chemistry
• 1) dissolved washed away
• 2) aluminum other toxic metals
• a) root damage
• c. Sulfur dioxide

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2. aquatic ecosystems

• a. Aquatic plants, fish, other aquatic
  animals
• b. Aluminum
• 1) fish gills
• 2) oxygen salt exchange

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c. Acid shock

• rapid change in the waters pH
• 1) large numbers of fish to die
• 2) reproductive cycles fo fish amphibians
• a) produce fewer eggs
• b) often eggs will not hatch
• c) birth defects cannot reproduce
• d. Spraying powdered limestone (calcium
  carbonate)
• 1) all

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3. humans

• a. Toxins
• 1) aluminum mercury
• 2) crops, water, fish
• 3) consume
• b. increase in respiratory problems
• c. fishermen foresters
• d. Buildings monuments

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4. International

• a. One area fall onto another
• b. Canada-U.S. Air Quality Agreement of 1991

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END OF NOTES ON CHAPTER 12

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