Disaster%20Mitigation

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Disaster Mitigation in Health Facilities Wind
Effects Nonstructural Issues
2
Nonstructural elements to consider when assessing
vulnerability
ARCHITECTURAL
EQUIPMENT
BASIC INSTALLATIONS

• Façades
• Roof covers
• Parapets
• Chimneys
• Plaster
• Glass windows
• Attachments (signs, antennae,etc)
• Ornaments
• Canopies
• Railings
• Doors and exit routes

• Medical equipment
• Industrial equipment
• Supplies
• Office equipment

• Medical and industrial gases
• Air conditioning
• Electrical generator
• Hydraulic networks
• Electric networks

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Nonstructural vulnerability assessment methods

• Previous experience
• Visual inspection
• Data collection
• Non-destructive tests
• Mathematical models
• Structural analysis and design
• Wind tunnel analysis
• Retrofitting recommendations
• Equipment classification

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Standards and codes must cover components and
claddings
The trend for international standards is to adopt
and adapt the ASCE-7 approach for components and
claddings.
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Design pressure for components and cladding and
design force for special and open structures
(ASCE-7)
Design pressure
Design force
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Criteria for equipment classification
Indispensable Equipment that can not easily or
economically be replaced and is essential for the
provision of health services. Essential Similar
to indispensable equipment, except that it can
be replaced easily or cheaply. Hazardous Equipmen
t that can injure people and damage
objects. Chaotic Equipment whose failure may
cause disruption to its environs. Functional Eq
uipment that is not used for emergency health
care.
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Hipped roof recommended over flat roof
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Gabled roof with slopes of 20 to 30 degrees are
preferred against hurricanes
Hatched area indicates
where more frequent
fixings are required
PLAN
ISOMETRIC
Gabled roof
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Connection details between metal sheet roof and
purlins
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Typical connection system between metal sheet
roof and masonry wall
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Nonstructural elementsare not designed to resist
direct loads
Failure of an unreinforced masonry wall without
an adequate base anchorage
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Shutters protect against the penetration of
flying objects and water
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For a hospital it is essential to have protection
against penetration of windborne debris and water
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Anchorage of protective shutters on outside walls
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Anchorage system of shutters on interior columns
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Exterior doors must be protected against internal
and external pressures through adequate anchorages
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Window deformations due to the impact of
windborne debris
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Impact of windborne debris against louvre windows
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An unprotected window is vulnerable in the event
of a hurricane
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Roll-up or permanent shutters are the best way to
protect windows against hurricanes
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Permanent window shutter details
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Details of roll-up shutter
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Adequate anchorage of hospital equipment will
ensure continuous service
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An example of good anchorage on exterior hospital
equipment
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Exterior equipment should be anchored with
special bands
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External oxygen and gas tanks should not be loose
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Correct anchorage of external oxygen and gas
tanks to walls
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Restraints and fasteners for larger external
equipment
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Failure of a metallic roof cover and an
unreinforced masonry wall
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Metal sheet roof of a health center was destroyed
by hurricane-force winds
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Damage to the façade due to failure of a
neighboring building
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Windborne debris on a structure
A roof from a structure located 100 m away was
violently thrown by the strong winds of a
hurricane
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Impact of windborne debris on a plywood hurricane
shutter
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Windborne debris perforates shutter and glass
behind it
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Health center damaged by a water tank thrown by
hurricane winds
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? Pan American Health Organization, 2005 These
slides have been made possible through the
financial support of the Disaster Preparedness
Program of the Humanitarian Aid Office, ECHO
(DIPECHO-III)
Ph [phone] Fax [phone] danielc_at_in
tec.edu.do www.intec.edu.do
Grupo de Estabilidad Estructural (Ge2) /
INTEC Ave Los Próceres, Galá Apdo 349-2 Santo
Domingo, Dominican Republic