Microscopic Anatomy- Cytology, Histology

1
Introduction to Anatomy

• Microscopic Anatomy- Cytology, Histology
• Gross (Macroscopic)Anatomy-Surface, Regional,
  Systemic
• Embryology,Comparative Anatomy-Emphasizes
  morphology
• Anatomical specialties-Medical/Surgical, and
  Radiographic Anatomy

2
Physiology

• Renal
• Neuro
• Cardiovascular

3
Levels of Organization

• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• System
• Organism

4
Necessary Life Functions

• Maintaining boundaries-internal/external
• Responsiveness-stimuli/response
• Movement-somatic/visceral
• Growth-increase in biomass/differentiation
• Digestion-breakdown of ingested food
• Metabolism-sum of biochemical processes
• Excretion-waste products
• Reproduction-cellular/organismal levels

5
The Language of Anatomy

• Anatomical position
• Axial
• Appendicular part

6
Body Planes and Sections

• Sagittalmid, para
• Frontal/Coronal
• Transverse/Horizontal

7
Directional Terminology

• Posterior/Dorsal
• Anterior/Ventral
• Superior/Cranial
• Inferior/Caudal
• Lateral
• Medial
• Proximal
• Distal
• Superficial
• Deep

8
Body Cavities

• Dorsal-cranial,vertebral
• Ventral-thoracic (pleural, pericardial),
  abdominopelvic

9
Membranes in Ventral Body Cavity

• Visceral serosa
• Parietal serosa
• Serous fluid
• Organ association
• Pericardium
• Pleura
• Peritoneum

10
Abdominopelvic Regions

• Umbilical region
• Epigastric region
• Hypogastric region
• Inguinal regions (right/left)
• Lumbar regions (right/left)
• Hypochondriac regions (right/left)

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• Right Upper
• Left Upper
• Right Lower
• Left Lower

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The Cell

• Basic unit of all multicellular organisms
• Smallest structural unit producing all vital
  functions
• Pre-existing cells produce cells

13
Basic Components

• Cell Membrane
• Cytosol
• Organelles
• Inclusions

14
Cell membrane functions

• Physical isolation Extra/intracellular barrier
• Regulation of exchange
• SensitivityAffected by changes in extracellular
  fluid receptors for recognition and
  communication alterations affect physiology
• Structural support

15
Membrane Permeability Passive Process

• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Filtration-Hydrostatic pressure forces water
  across membrane solutes selected according to
  size.
• Facilitated diffusion

16
Membrane Permeability Active Processes

• Active transport-Na, K, Ca, Mg
• Endocytosis-phagocytosis, pinocytosis

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The Cytoplasm
"cell forming material"

• The cellular material between the plasma membrane
  and nucleussite of most cellular activities.
• EM has revealed that it consists of cytosol,
  organelles, and inclusion bodies.

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Components of the Cytosol

• Viscous, semitransparent fluid substance
• Complex mixture of salts
• Dissolved proteins (enzymes)
• Amino acids
• Lipids
• Low carbohydrate

19
Inclusion bodies

• Non functional units/chemical substances
• Glycosomes-hepato and myocytes
• Lipids-adipocytes

20
Cytoplasmic Organelles

• Specialized cellular compartments
• Non membranous- cytoskeleton, centrioles and
  ribosomes
• Membranous- mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes,
  nucleus,endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi
  apparatus.

21
The Cytoskeleton

• Intracellular network that supports cells
  structures providing machinery to generate
  various cell movements
• Componentsmicrotubules, microfilaments

22
Microfilaments

• Thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton
• Primary protein actin
• Forms dense cross-linked network under cell
  membrane
• Involved in motility or changes in cells
  morphology.

23
Microtubules

• Elements with largest diameter spherical protein
  subunits (tubulin)determine cells overall
  morphology and organelle distribution.
• Functions as primary component of
  cytoskeleton/anchor organelles can adhere to
  organelles for intracellular movement

24
Microvilli

• Microscopic, finger-shaped projections of
  membrane increase surface area (absorption)
  (jejunum/ileum, kidneys).
• Small, barrel shaped oriented at right angles to
  each other (nine triplets) evident during cell
  division form bases lacking in
  osteocytes/mature RBCs

Centrioles
25
Cilia

• Contain nine groups of microtubule doublets
  surrounding central pair (92)
• Basal body anchor
• Exposed aspect of cilia covered by membrane and
  beat rhythmically
• Propel substances across cell surface
• Substantially longer projections
• Propels cell

Flagella
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Ribosomes

• Small, dark staining granules composed of
  ribosomal RNA
• Two globular subunits (small, large)
• Free ribosomes produce soluble proteins that will
  function in the cytosol
• Membrane-bound (fixed) ribosomes synthesize
  proteins destined for cellular membranes or
  cellular export.

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Mitochondria

• Threadlike, double membraned organelle
• Inner membrane forms cristae (ATP)
• Number may vary according to cell type
• DNA/RNA
• Cellular respiration

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The Nucleus

• Gene containing control center
• Controls synthesis of proteins
• Numbers vary (osteoclasts, hepatocytes,
  myocytes, RBCs)
• Shapes vary spherical,elongate
• Has three distinct regions nuclear envelope,
  nucleoli, and chromatin.

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Nucleoli

• Dark staining spherical bodies located within
  nucleus responsible for ribosomal production
• Non-membrane bound
• Typically one or two per cell
• Subunits assembled

30
Chromatin

• Composed of equal amounts of DNA and globular
  histone proteins
• Chromosome-condensed chromatin coils forming
  short barlike bodies.

31
Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Network of intracellular membranes and cisternae
• Functions (1) Synthesizes carbohydrates,
  lipids, and proteins (2) Transportation

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Rough ER

• Manufactures secreted proteins
• Continuum of RER
• Lipid metabolism and synthesis/cholesterol-steroid
  synthesis
• Absorption/transport lipids-detoxification

Smooth ER
33
Golgi Apparatus

• Principal traffic director for cellular
  proteins
• Modifies, concentrates, and packages
• Receiving side is cis face, shipping side is
  trans face
• Secretory vesicles pinch off from trans face and
  fuse to membrane.

34
Lysosomes

• Digests particles taken in by endocytosis
• Degrade worn-out or nonfunctional
  organelles/break down nonuseful tissues
• Metabolic functions glycogenolysis releasing of
  ThyH from thyroid cells
• Breakdown of bone to release Ca ions

35
Peroxisomes

• Membranous sacs containing powerful
  enzymes(oxidases/catalases)
• Oxidases use O2 to detoxify alcohol and
  formaldehyde
• Numerous in hepatocytes and kidney cells
• Self replicating/do not arise from Golgi apparatus