CH 15 Evolution

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CH 15 Evolution
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What is evolution?

• Evolutionchanges (adaptations) that occur over
  time in a population
• These changes tend to ensure the survival of a
  species
• Can gradually lead to the development of new
  species
• Populations evolve, not individuals!!!

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History of Evolution

• Biogenesisprinciple that states all living
  things come from other living things (what we
  know now)recall the Cell Theory
• But before nowwhat did people think?

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History of Evolution

• Early thought (circa 17th Century)
• Spontaneous generationliving things can arise
  from nonliving things
• Ex maggots arising from a piece of meat

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History of Evolution-Fossils

• Biologists have used fossils in their work since
  the 1700s, but they still had a lot of
  unanswered questions from using them
• How were they formed?
• Why are many fossil species extinct?
• What kinds of relationships exist between the
  extinct species and modern ones?

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History of Evolution

• The ideas proposed by Charles Darwin are the
  basis of modern evolutionary theory
• Darwin a naturalist that studied and collected
  living and fossil specimens his studies provided
  the foundation for his theory of evolution

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History of Evolution

• Darwin started breeding pigeons to isolate and
  pass on desirable traits (like Mendel did with
  the pea plant). This is called artificial
  selection because HE was able to choose the
  traits being passed on.
• Artificial selection process of breeding
  organisms with specific traits in order to
  produce offspring with those same traits.

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Darwin

• Charles Darwin proposed the hypothesis that
  species were modified, or evolved, by nature
  itself in a process called natural selection and
  that OVER TIME, new species can be created
• Natural Selectionorganisms better suited to an
  environment will live to reproduce. Those NOT
  suited will die (bad genes will be lost). This
  is commonly called survival of the fittest.

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Darwin

• In 1859, he published his findings in On the
  Origin of Species by the Means of Natural
  Selection. He provided a lot of evidence to
  support his hypothesis and scientists today also
  have many types of scientific methods that
  support his theory.

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Evidence Supporting Evolution

• Adaptations
• Radioactive dating
• Fossils
• Comparative Anatomy
• Biochemistry

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Adaptations

• 1. These are direct evidence of evolution
  because they show firsthand the way populations
  of species have evolved in order to better adapt
  to their environment
• Structural adaptationsclaws, beaks, wings
• Physiological adaptationsresistance to
  substances after constant exposure

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Radioactive Dating

• 2. Radioactive datingmeasuring the age of
  something by determining the amount of a
  radioactive isotope it contains (usually
• Carbon-14)
• must use an unstable isotope that decays
  (breaks down) over time like C-14
• Isotopeatoms of the same element that have
  different numbers of neutrons.

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FYI Carbon Dating

• Half-lifelength of time it takes for ½ of any
  size sample of isotope to break down (1/10 second
  to 1 billion years)
• Example Carbon-14 dating
• Most carbon is C-12. C-14 is unstable
  radioactive isotope. All things with ANY carbon
  will have small amount of C-14. Since we know
  half-life of C-14, by measuring amount of C-14
  left in something, we can ESTIMATE its age.

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Fossils

• 3. Fossilstraces or remains of a dead organism
  from LONG ago
• Can show structural similarities between extinct
  and modern species, implying a possible
  ancestor-descendant relationship

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Comparative Anatomy

• Comparing the anatomical structures of species
• Homologous structuressimilar features that
  originated in a shared ancestor and arise from
  same TYPE of structure
• Ex paws, hands, and bat wings (all mammalian)
• Analogous structuresstructures that serve the
  same function and look alike, but do not come
  from common ancestor
• Ex wings on moth and wings on bird

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Comparative Anatomy

• Embryologystudy of embryos (developing babies)
• Many developing embryos LOOK ALIKE, no matter the
  what the species is.
• By comparing development, scientists can
  determine how closely related organisms are

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Biochemistry

• Biochemistry is the study of the chemical
  interactions that occur in living organisms
• DNA Sequencingby comparing the sequence of
  nucleotides, scientists can see how closely
  related organisms are at a molecular level.

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Why Evolution Occurs

• Overall, evolution occurs because it allows
  populations to make adaptations to better survive
  in their environments
• Causes of Evolution
• 1. Mutations 4. Nonrandom mating
• 2. Migration 5. Natural selection
• 3. Genetic drift

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1. Mutations

• A mutation is a random change in a gene or
  chromosome resulting in a new trait or
  characteristic that can be inherited.
• Mutations happen spontaneously
• Beneficial mutations can lead to adaptations (so
  not all are harmful)

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2. Migration

• Immigration movement of individuals INTO a
  population
• Emigration movement of individuals OUT of a
  population
• Brings in new genes/alleles through gene flow
• Gene flow process of genes moving from one
  population to another

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3. Genetic Drift

• Happens when allele frequencies in a population
  change because of random events or chance
• Only matters w/ small or large populations

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4. Nonrandom Mating

• Many species do not mate randomly
• Mate selection often affected by proximity ?
  inbreeding
• can amplify certain traits
• Selection also affected by selecting a mate w/
  similar physical characteristics.
• Such mates probably carry similar genes

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5. Natural Selection

• Is an ongoing process in nature because the
  environment changes and animals continue to
  naturally adapt as a means of survival
• Single most significant factor that causes
  evolution