C Cell and Genome

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C Cell and Genome

• Last lecture Understand Central Dogma. This
  lecture surveys genome across all living things.
• C.1. Cells and Genome
• The Tree of Life
• Genetic Information in Eucaryotes
• Read chapter 1 of BMoC and Handout

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C.1.1 Tree of Life 3 Domains in the Living World
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C.1.1 Tree of Life Bacteria, Archaea and
Eucaryotes.
The bacterium Vibrio Cholerae
A lithotrophic Bacterium (Archaea)
Eucaryotic Cell
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C.1.1 Tree of Life Some Observations about Genes

• The greatest biochemical diversity is seen in
  procaryotes.
• Most bacteria and archaea have 1000-1400 genes.
• Some genes evolve rapidly. Others are Highly
  Conserved.

The smaller rRNA that form the other half of the
ribosome.
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C.1.1 Tree of Life 4 Typical Ways of Generating
New Genes
Vertical transfer
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C.1.1 Tree of Life Horizontal Transfer
More common in procaryotes than eucaryotes. For
Eucaryotes, it tend to be the same species
sexual reproduction, cross-species is very
rare.
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C.1.1 Tree of Life Viral Horizontal Transfer of
DNA Between Cells
Bacteriophages (virus) may carry genetic material
across different bacterial cells.
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C.1.1 Tree of Life Horizontal Transfer is
believe to be common in early days of life
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C.1.1 Tree of Life Gene Families
Genome of Bacillus Subtillis
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C.1.1 Tree of Life Evolutionary related genes
Genome of Bacillus Subtillis
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C.1.1 Tree of Life Oethologs and Paralogs
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C.1.1 Tree of Life Homologs
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C.1.1 Tree of Life Pedigree of the Hemoglobin,
Myoglobin and Myoglobin
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C.1.1 Tree of Life The study of gene function
Cell biologist
Molecular biologist
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C.1.2 Genetic Info in Eucaryotes Eucaryotes Were
Predictor (??)
White blood cell
Red blood cell treated with antibody
prey
Carnivorous Protozoan Didinium
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C.1.2 Genetic Info in Eucaryotes The Origin of
Mitochondria
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C.1.2 Genetic Info in Eucaryotes The Origin of
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria lost many of their
genes (as compared to their bacterial
counterparts) and live in Eucaryotic cell in a
symbiotic relationship.
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C.1.2 Genetic Info in Eucaryotes Length of Genes
Varies Wildly
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C.1.2 Genetic Info in Eucaryotes Model Organisms
Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Worm
Caenorhabditis elegans Plant Arobidopsis
Thaliana Fruit Fly Drasophilia
melanogaster Frog Xenopus Tropicalis Mouse Mus
Musculus Human Homo Sapiens
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C.1.2 Genetic Info in Eucaryotes Genome Defines
the Program of Cell
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C.1.2 Genetic Info in Eucaryotes Microarray
Measures Gene Expression
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C.1.2 Genetic Info in Eucaryotes Gene Duplication
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C.1.2 Genetic Info in Eucaryotes Mutant
Phenotypes
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C.1.2 Genetic Info in Eucaryotes Divergence of
Different Vertebrates
6/100 nucleotides per 100 million years