Peace Processes

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Peace Processes
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Peace Maintenance of Relationships of proven val
ue and worth
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A Peace Process is the exploration of a valuable
and worthwhile relationship. Six Elements of a Re
lationship 1) Identity 2) Interests 3) Patterns
of interaction 4) Power 5) Limits on behavior
6) Evolving Perceptions
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(1) Identity a) How each perceives itself in cont
rast to the other b) The experiences that have sh
aped a persons or groups worldview and ways of
acting in relationship with the other
Peace/Enemy Exercise
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• Outlines of a Middle East settlement
• 1. A sovereign and non-militarized
  Palestinian state whose borders would be based on
  1967 lines, with land swaps of equal size to
  accommodate demographic realities
• 2.        Jewish neighborhoods of Jerusalem as
  the capital of Israel and Arab neighborhoods as
  the capital of Palestine
  
• 3.        A robust international force to provide
  security and monitor implementation of the
  agreement
  
• 4.        A solution to the refugee issue that
  does not threaten Israel's demographic balance
  

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(2) Interests a) A relationship begins when the p
arties have been drawn into the same space by
their interests. b) Identify goals and interests
that neither could achieve without the other.
c) Interest are not simply objectively given but
are defined by the deep-rooted fears, hopes,
wounds, values, and perceptions that form a
peoples sense of what is threatening and what is
vital to protect their identity
d) Interests are a function of the relationship.
Each party recognizes that its ability to realize
its own interests depends in some way on the
actions of the other.
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(3) Patterns of interaction a) Trust A belief in
, and willingness to act on the basis of, the
words, actions, and decisions of another.
i) Calculation-based Trust ii) Identification-
based Trust b) Trust/Distrust i) Trust confide
nt positive expectations ii) Distrust confident
negative expectations
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(4) Power the capacity to change the course of
events or to make things happen
The decision to reaching a settlement
i) A judgment that the present situation no
longer serves a partys interests
ii) A judgment that the substance of a fair
settlement is available iii) Foresee a settlement
that is tolerable iv) A judgment that leaders on
the other side will be willing and politically
able to negotiate such a settlement
v) A judgment that the balance of forces will
permit a fair settlement
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1. A judgment that the present situation no
longer serves a partys interests.
(1) A delay in negotiation will not create a more
attractive situation and will even likely harm
the parties interests 2. A judgment that the subs
tance of a fair settlement is available.
(1)Adds a comparative element to first judgment
(2) Is the future harm of the present situation
better or worse than a negotiated settlement?
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(3)Foresee a settlement that is tolerable
(1) How borders will be drawn (2) Security measur
es (3) Nature of the relationship People also wa
nt to visualize what it will be like to live with
the new relationship require people to view
their present enemy in less abstract terms and
more as persons.
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A judgment that leaders on the other side will be
willing and politically able to negotiate such a
settlement (1) An understanding of what the other
side really needs and wants. (2) An understandin
g of the strategy of other sides leaders for
achieving their aims. (3) An understanding of the
ability of the other sides leaders to develop
support for a settlement.
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A judgment that the balance of forces will permit
a fair settlement If the balance of power favor
s your adversary (and thus they will not
negotiate seriously), then a party may look for
ways to restructure the balance of power so that
negotiation will be fairer
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Limits on behavior a) Must respect what each sees
as threatening its sense of identity, integrity,
and self-esteem as well as concrete interests
b) Respect for the limit on the others behavior
Constraints on your side are real.
Constraints on their side are disingenuous.
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Evolving Perceptions An effective problem-solvi
ng relationship can prove so useful that it is
perceived as a valuable interest that must be
protected for its own sake. (p 42)
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Problem-solving Transforming a conflict into a
problem that we have. The problem to be solved
the gap between where we are and where we want
to be
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Psychological Prerequisites for Mutual Acceptance
(Kelman) 1. Both side had to acquire insight int
o each others perspective so that they could
understand the resistance to acceptance.
2. Each side had to see that there were
reasonable people on the other side and that
there were issues to talk about, rather than that
the two sets of demands were mutually exclusive.
3. Each side had to distinguish the ideological
dreams and rhetoric from the operational programs
of the other. Israel had to be persuaded that
the Palestine dream of a united Palestine did not
preclude the acceptance of the State of Israel
and a stable peace with it. Palestinians had to
be persuaded that the Zionist dream of the
ingathering of exiles did not necessitate
expansionist policies of annexation and
settlement. 4. Both sides had to see that mutual
concessions could bring about change leading
toward resolution. 5. Each side had to believe th
at leadership changes conducive to a stable peace
could take place in the other side. Israelis had
to be convinced that the PLO was becoming a
political organization (as opposed to terrorist
one). Palestinians had to be convinced that the
hard-line politics of the current Israeli
government could become more conciliatory.
6. Each side had to see responsiveness to its
human psychological needs by the other side
through symbolic gestures.
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• What could overcome the present resistances to
  acceptance of the other?
  
• What are the conditions that would make
  reasonable people emerge as potential leaders?
  
• How could you make the distinction between
  operational programs and ideological dreams
  clear?
  
• Is another path to settlement besides Oslo
  possible?
  
• What would help facilitate leadership change?
• What gestures would create a sense of
  responsiveness to the psychological needs of the
  other side?

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• Outlines of a Middle East settlement
• 1. A sovereign and non-militarized
  Palestinian state whose borders would be based on
  1967 lines, with land swaps of equal size to
  accommodate demographic realities
• 2.        Jewish neighborhoods of Jerusalem as
  the capital of Israel and Arab neighborhoods as
  the capital of Palestine
  
• 3.        A robust international force to provide
  security and monitor implementation of the
  agreement
  
• 4.        A solution to the refugee issue that
  does not threaten Israel's demographic balance