Worlds Collide

1
Worlds Collide

• Lecture 2
• Part II

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What do you think?

• What term should we use.?

3
How did the Worlds Collide?
When and where the first trips to Latin America?
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
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How did the Worlds Collide?
When and where the first trips to Latin America?
1492-1493
1493-1496
1502-1504
1498-1500
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Spanish Empire in the Americas
When and where the first viceroyalties and
cities were established?
http//www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1148.html
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Treaty of Tordesillas-1494
Why is it so important?
http//www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/geogres/maps/s
mgif/smtorde.gif
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Worlds Collide

• The Aztecs believed that one of their Gods was a
  a white god named Quetzalcoatl, who had sailed
  away many years ago and who had promised to
  return from the east.
• When the Spanish, led by Hernan Cortez, entered
  the Aztec's land, Montezuma II welcomed him as a
  god and gave him gifts of gold.

http//ntap.k12.ca.us/whs/projects/history/montezu
ma.html
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Worlds Collide

• Montezuma said to Hernan Cortez,
• "For a long time we have known from the
• writings of our ancestors that neither I
• nor any of those who dwell in this land, are
• natives of it, but foreigners who came from
• very distant parts...and we have always held
• that those who descended from him would
• come and conquer this land and take us as
• their vassals. So because of the place from
• which you claim to come, namely, from
• where the sun rises...and the things you tell
• us of the great lord or king who sent you
• here, we believe and are certain that he is
• our natural lord...So be assured that we
• shall obey you.

http//ntap.k12.ca.us/whs/projects/history/montezu
ma.html http//www.crystalinks.com/aztecgods.html
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The Columbian Exchange

• Plants
• Animals
• Diseases
• Demographic
• Mineral Wealth
• Trade Items
• Technology
• Language
• Religion
• Economy
• Government
• Urban Planning

• The Columbian Exchange is the sharing of
  cultures that transformed the lives of two
  continents.
• Its was a two-way process with people, goods, and
  ideas moving back and forth.
• The three Gs
• What was exchanged?

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Key terms

• Culture
• Cultural traits
• Acculturation
• Cultural landscape
• Cultural diffusion

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Plants

• Americas
• Maize
• Potato
• Tomato
• Tobacco
• Beans
• Cacao
• Cotton

• Europe
• Sugar
• Rice
• Wheat
• Coffee
• Banana
• Grapes

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Origin of Plants and Livestock
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
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Plants

• So what?
• Asian and African plants were introduced such as
  bananas, plantains, sugarcane, and rice.
• Crops were introduced to a new environment to
  which they were better suited and to a location
  that could easily be transported.
• The Portuguese made it a policy to introduce
  plants from one part to another in their empire.
  Bananas to Brazil and maize, manioc, and peanuts
  to Africa.
• These crops became important global commodities.
• Diffusion of plants throughout the world.

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Diffusion of Plants
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
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Diffusion of Plants
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
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Animals

• Americas
• Turkey

• Europe
• Cattle
• Horse
• Pigs
• Sheep

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Animals

• Introduction of Animals from Europe had a big
  impact on land use, economies and lifestyles.
• L.A. had no large domesticated animals
• except for llamas.
• The imported animals became the center of Latin
  America livestock industry.
• Environmental impact.

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Animals
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
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Diseases

• Americas
• New strains
• of syphilis

• Europe
• Smallpox
• Flu
• Measles
• Typhus

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Diseases

• The greatest genocide in human history.
• Central Mexico
• Indigenous population decline from 25 million to
  less than one million with a century. Mexico and
  Central America experienced a population decline
  by as much as 90 percent.
• Caribbean
• In the island of Hispaniola, population declined
  from one million to 1492 to 46,000 by 1512.
• North America
• 90 percent of the Indian population were gone
  within a century of the Puritan landing on
  Plymouth Rock.

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Demographic

• Indian population decrease
• African Diaspora
• European Migration
• Mixing of Populations

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Indian Population Decrease

• Diseases
• In Europe, an outbreak of small pox would kill 30
  percent of those infected.
• However, in the Americas the small pox death rate
  was nearly 50 percent.
• War
• The battle of Tenochtitlan lasted eight days
  where 240,000 natives perished.
• Labor

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African Diaspora

• A decrease in Native American population prompted
  labor import from Africa.
• They worked in
• mines,
• agriculture,
• port towns,
• sugar mills.
• African slaves were imported to all parts of
  America.

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African Diaspora
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
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European Migration

• A relatively small number of European males
  migrated to Latin America and the Caribbean
  during the colonial period.
• To give an example, from Mexico and Central
  America in 1570 only about 60,000 or 2 percent of
  the total population 3,096,000, was classified as
  white.
• By 1650 that white population had doubled to
  120,000, roughly 6 percent of the depleted total
  of 1,880,000.
• At the close of the colonial era in 1825 about 1
  million or 14 percent of the total population of
  just over 7 million was white.

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European Migration 1800s
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
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Miscegenation

• Miscegenation The intermixing of Indians,
  Africans, and Europeans created a multi-racial
  society.
• Color became status symbol.
• Complex race structure.
• Peninsulars Europeans born in the the Iberian
  Peninsula.
• Creoles Children of European descent born in
  America.
• Mestizo Offspring's of European and Indian
  unions.
• Mulatto Children of European and African unions.
• Zambos Indians and Black.
• Coyotes Mestizos and Indian..

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Religion

• Religious Proclamation
• English crown- ordered their agents to conquer,
  occupy and possess the lands of the heathens
  and infidels.
• Spanish crown- sought not only to grab the land
  but to convert any indigenous people to embrace
  the Catholic faith and be trained in good
  morals. (by any means necessary)
• Governors- Diego Velasquez, the Cuban governor
  instructed Hernan Cortez as he departed to Mexico
  in 1519,
• Bear in mind from the beginning that the first
  aim of your expedition is to serve God and spread
  the Christian Faith. . . You must neglect no
  opportunity to spread the knowledge of the True
  Faith and the Church of God among those people
  who dwell in darkness

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Diffusion of Religion
Source Getis, Getis, and Fellman, 2005
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Religion

• Results
• Baptism- within a month of Hernan Cortez arriving
  in Mexico first baptisms took place.
• Consensual Unions/Marriages- newly baptized
  Indian women were grabbed as concubines.
• Marriages were performed by priests.
• Destruction- The first bishop of Mexico, Juan de
  Zumarraga, claimed to have destroyed more than
  five hundred Indigenous temples and twenty
  thousands idols.
• In essence, the Spanish conquest of 1519-1521
  destroyed the core of Aztec religionthe cult of
  warfare and human sacrifice.

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Religion

• Transformation- The result of two strong
  religions was that old god went underground, and
  the Indians learned to cover their worship in a
  Christian disguise.
• Virgin of Guadalupe the Virgin of Guadalupe
  appeared to an Aztec man named Juan Diego.
  Within six years 9 million Indians had been
  baptized as Catholics in central Mexico.
• The Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
• Christians lyrics were written to Indian melodies
  and native dances were incorporated into Catholic
  morality plays.
• The church accepted a process of mutual
  adaptation, in which Indians embraced
  Christianity symbols and forms, while the church
  turned a blind eye to the pagan content beneath
  the Catholic surface.

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Religion

• The Spanish missionaries early adopted the myth
  of Quetzalcoatl and thought that he was actually
  St. Thomas the Apostle, who had come to Mexico to
  help convert the Aztec Indians to Christianity
  and that the spirit of St. Thomas was in Cortes.
• Jesuits encouraged adaptation of African deities,
  filled the church with black figures, created
  Christian rituals in African languages, music,
  and dances in order to reach the slaves.

http//www.crystalinks.com/aztecgods.html
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Religion

• The Church reached every aspect of colonial life.
• Administrative center- Functioned next to or
  above the Spanish Civil Government.
• Financial center- while the crown collected its
  royal fifth from the elite, the church collected
  10 percent from everyone.
• Large landowner and had large labor force.
• Revolutionary figures- Father Miguel Hidalgo, a
  Creole priest, organized an uprising of Mestizos
  and Indians.
• Religious symbols- Virgin of Guadalupe

http//www.mexconnect.com/mex_/images/virgin.jpg
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Worlds Collide

• Lecture 2
• Part III

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Religion
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
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Religion

• The importance of the Missions
• The church sent an army of Franciscan, Dominican,
  and Jesuits priests to the new territories.
• Missionaries sought to escape the moral decay of
  Europe and save the lost souls of the Americas.
• Missions became the principal frontier for the
  Spanish expansion.
• The first mission was founded in Venezuela in
  1520.
• Tension arose between missions and landowners.
• In 1767, the colonial elite succeeded in
  expelling the Jesuits. At that time 2,200
  Jesuits were working in the colonies with more
  than 700,000 living in the missions.

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Religion

• Missions played a key role in colonizing the
  United States.
• Franciscans founded 40 thriving missions in
  Florida and the Southwest.
• Founders of key USA cities such as San Antonio,
  El Paso, Santa Fe, Tucson, San Diego, Los
  Angeles, Monterrey, and San Francisco.
• Acculturation Center- agricultural practices,
  cultural, and religious.

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Fig. 7.25
Religion
Source Getis, Getis, and Fellman, 2005
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Language
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
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Economy

• Economy
• Mining
• Agriculture
• Land tenure system
• Encomiendas
• Repartamiento
• Haciendas
• Mitas
• Engenho

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Mining

• What where the most important mining centers?
• Mexico Zacatecas boomed between 1580-1630.
• Upper Peru (Bolivia) Potosi, Bolivia in 1544
  major silver ore deposit where discovered. Potosi
  boomed period was between 1580-1630.
• Brazil gold was discovered in 1693 in Minas
  Gerais. In the
• 1700s became the worlds leading gold producer.
  An
• estimated 800,000 people flocked to the area.
• (Winn, 1992 Rosenberg, 1992 Blouet Blouet,
  2005)

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Mining

• Why where mining center important during the
  colonial period?
• Extraction center
• Gold and Silver were exported back to Europe.
  (Legacy of extraction of raw material to colonial
  powers)
• Became permanent centers.
• Required large and cheap labor force.
• Created global and local trading
• ex. Locally mines needed livestock, ropes, food,
  supply, etc. While, globally they needed mercury
  from Spain.
• Became growth poles.
• Became important economic centers.
• Created new capital cities.
• In the case of Rio de Janeiro became such an
  important main port for the mines that in 1763
  the capital city was moved from Salvador to Rio.

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Mining

• Encourage the advancement of technology.
• Spanish developed an amalgamation process with
  mercury.
• Created and expanded infrastructure.
• Spaniards built hundreds of miles long to bring
  salt, mercury, and supply to the mines.
• Created ports on the Pacific Coast and organized
  the transportation from the Andes mountains to
  Panama City to Spain.
• The mines of the Americas financed Spains
  economic growth (1550-1650)
• By 1600 was producing half of the worlds silver.
  It would yield 60 million ounces of precious
  model during the colonial period.
• Created a dependency of Spain towards the
  Americas.
• The amount of silver that arrived to Spain
  generated an inflation that made Spain industry
  and agriculture uncompetitive.
• The silver passed through the hands of the
  Spanish toward the Dutch, French and British to
  pay for the luxurious life-style and to pay for
  the products they did not produce.
• The silver allowed Europe on the road to
  industrial revolution and global empire.

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Agriculture

• How were the agriculture and the mining center
  linked?
• As the mining center grew so did the agriculture
  centers.
• The agriculture provided the grains and animal
  products. Ex. The mule trade between Argentina
  and Potosi sold between 30,000 to 60,000 mules
  during the 1600-1700.
• What was the importance of agriculture in the
  Americas?
• Developed the infrastructure
• Commercial agriculture grew by development of
  ports, inlands towns, administrative centers, and
  mines.
• Export based agriculture
• Most of the agriculture was consumed in the
  Americas except for dyestuffs, hides, and sugar.

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Agriculture

• How important was Sugar?
• In the case of the Portuguese they did not found
  large civilization to conquer or wealth to steal.
  What they did find was arable land to cultivate.
• Sugar was an economic force to Portuguese Brazil,
  as silver was to Spanish Peru.
• Sugar was the fuel that spur the colonization and
  economic growth of Portugal in the Americas.
• Sugar was Brazil initial link to the outside
  world and its biggest export and the major source
  of wealth.

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Agriculture

• Created international economic trading.
• The Dutch provided the capital to establish the
  plantations and mills and market the sugar
  throughout Europe.
• The Portuguese had the necessary technology from
  their experience in Africa.
• Created the African Diaspora
• At first they to bribe and coerce the Amerindian
  Indians. However, they were not use to the hard
  labor of the plantation and die in great numbers.
• by 1570 they began to replace them with Africa
  slaves. By 1620, Brazil became the largest
  producer of sugar and the largest exported of
  slaves.
• It created a new society
• The Lord of the Mill had unlimited power of the
  slaves and dispense justice.
• He also exerted his power over the less wealthy
  white land owners without sugar mills, mulatto
  subsistence farmers and ranchers, priests,
  merchants, and Portuguese officials.
• The economic and social patterns created by the
  Sugar plantation created a complex society with a
  dependency on a single crop and foreign markets,
  migrant labor, and an unequal society divided by
  color and class.

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Atlantic Slave Triangle
http//www.africanculturalcenter.org/4_5slavery.ht
ml
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Land Tenure System

• Encomienda System
• was an economic and social institution
• used as reward for the conquistador.
• used to control the native population.
• allow land to be used but not owned.
• Repartamiento system replace the encomiendas.
• system allocated Indian labor to mines or
  agriculture for a certain period of time.
• At the end of the colonial era the system was
  being used to require Indians to purchase goods
  from Spain.

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Land Tenure System

• Mitas
• Forced labor system in the viceroyalty of Peru
  which that required one-seventh of all formally
  free, unskilled Indian males over 18 years to
  provide labor service to the crown.
• Labor was paid. However, Indians where forced to
  travel great distances and their pay the same as
  the tribute they had to surrender each year.
• Mine owners have the right to 13,300 Indians to
  work and operate the mines each year.
• Indians will report each Monday to the mines.
  They would work until Saturday evening with out
  coming out.
• In Peru Mitas where abolished in 1812.
• Hacienda System
• Allowed for land ownership throughout the Spanish
  Empire.
• A complex social organization.
• Self-sufficient.
• It provided the owner with economic return.
• It also offered social prestige and political
  influence.

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Land Tenure System

• Engenho
• Was the central social institution in colonial
  Brazilian life during the 1600s.
• The engenho was a combination
• Land
• Agricultural and Industrial enterprises
• Technical innovation
• Capital and credit
• Skilled and enslaved labor

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Mineral Wealth

• Americas
• Gold
• Silver

• Europe

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Trade Items

• Americas
• Minerals
• Raw Materials
• Agricultural products

• Europe
• Manufactured goods

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Technology

• Americas

• Europe
• Wheels
• Steel
• Guns

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Summary of the Legacy of Colonization

• What you think is the legacy of colonization?
• Political- Audiencias became centers of newly
  independent states in Spanish America, so the
  colonial legal and administrative structure
  influenced state formation.
• Architecture/Urban planning- The use of
  architecture and urban planning as tools of
  European conquest is a recurrent theme in Latin
  American history. King Philip II of Spain ordered
  town planners to use a grid or checkerboard plan
  for the layout of new towns and cities in his
  Laws of the Indies (1573).
• The plan featured a plaza major, or central
  square, with the main
• church, government buildings, and residences of
  the authorities
• facing the square. In port cities straight
  streets connected the plaza
• major to the warehouses and docks of the port and
  to the imposing
• fortresses that protected them.

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Summary of the Legacy of Colonization

• Social- a social class was created based on
  color, class, and culture.
• Religion- a blending of religion occurred.
• - The church became an important power.
• Language
• Demographic
• Education

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Summary of the Legacy of Colonization

• Economic- colonial Latin America produced primary
  products and was dependent on the Iberian
  Peninsula for markets, capital, and credit.
• Land use- animals, plants, and farming
  techniques.
• Health
• Land ownership- the colonial era saw the
  development of large landowners at the top of the
  hierarchy.
• Many landless peasants at the bottom.
• Unequal distribution of land, resources, and
  wealth continued into the independence era.
• The gap between rich and poor.
• Gender relation- Machismo

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Further Reading

• Schwarts, Stuart B. (1985) Sugar plantations in
  the formation of Brazilian society Bahia
  1550-1835.
• Clayton, Lawerence A. and Conniff, Michael L.
  (1999). A history of Latin America.
• Winn, Peter (1992). Americas The changing face
  of Latin America and the Caribbean.
• Blouet, Brian W. and Blouet, Olwyn M. (2002).
  Latin America and the Caribbean A systematic and
  regional survey.