Worlds Collide

1
Worlds Collide

• Lecture 2

2
In the News..

• Travel
• http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic
  le/2005/05/27/AR2005052700555.html?referreremail
• Energy
• http//biz.yahoo.com/cnw/050601/amicroplanet_pilot
  pro.html?.v1
• Natural Hazards
• http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic
  le/2005/05/19/AR2005051901081.html?subAR
• Fishery
• http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic
  le/2005/05/21/AR2005052100589.html
• Media
• http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/artic
  le/2005/05/24/AR2005052401361.html
• It does not only happen in Latin America
• http//news.yahoo.com/news?tmplstorycid514u/a
  p/20050601/ap_on_re_us/laguna_beach_landslide_16

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What do you think?

• What term should we use.

4
Migration Legend?

• The State Emblem was first adopted in 1823 and
  the eagle and snake have served ever since the
  Emblem of Arms of then successive republics and
  empires.
• It will be immediately apparent that the three
  hundred years of Spanish rule have been
  judiciously ignored, and in fact the Emblem
  recalls an old Indian legend The Aztec people
  were guided by god Huitzilopochtli to seek a
  place where an eagle landed on a prickly-pear
  cactus, eating a snake... After hundreds of years
  of wandering they found the sign on a small
  swampy island in Lake Texcoco. Their new home
  they named Tenochtitlan ("Place of the Prickly
  Pear Cactus"). The emblem was re-approved in 1934
  and slightly modified in 1968 the plant is a
  nopal cactus.

http//www.fotw.us/flags/mx).html
http//www.settlement.org/cp/english/mexico/alook
.html
5
Early Civilizations

• Olmecs
• Zapotec
• Teotihuacan
• Mayans
• Toltecs
• Aztecs
• Incas
• Tainos

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Olmec

• Flourished from 1150-600 B.C.
• Settlements, involving ceremonial centers, burial
  mounds, and huge
• Olmec Stone heads.
• The Olmecs used a calendar and hieroglyphic
  writing.

http//www.dudeman.net/siriusly/ac/map/olmec.jpg
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Zapotec Civilization

• 500 B.C. in the semi-arid Oaxaca Valley of
  Central America.
• Monte Alban was surrounded by two miles of stones
  walls, and the city included stone temples,
  pyramids and a ball court.

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Teotihuacan City

• Larger than Monte Alban
• was the city of Teotihuacan which
• developed into an important city-
• state.
• The planned city which included streets, plazas,
  markets, houses, and large stone pyramids,
  covered several miles and was astronomically
  organized to cover 8 squared miles.
• As many as 200,000 people lived between 300-700
  B.C.

9
Mayans

• Highly developed agriculture and water irrigation
  systems.
• Maya developed glyph writing with phonetic and
  pictographic elements, mathematic system (based
  on 20 and with a Zero), and complex series of
  calendars.

http//www.civilization.ca/civil/maya/images/mmgeo
enb.gif
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Toltecs

• They were invaders from the North that dominated
  central Mexico and parts of the Yucatan between
  900 and 1300 A.D.
• Their arrival is thought to mark the rise of
  militarism in Mesoamerica, as their army used its
  superior force to dominate neighboring societies.
• Established a capital at Tula. According to
  legend, a rival Toltec deity, Tezcatlipoca, drove
  Quetzalcoatl and his followers out of Tula about
  ad 1000. The legend holds that Quetzalcoatl and
  his band migrated eastward.
• Developed trade (cocoa, feathers, and cotton)
  between the highlands and tropical lowlands in
  middle America.

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Aztecs

• At the height of their power, the Aztec
  controlled a region stretching from the Valley of
  Mexico in central Mexico east to the Gulf of
  Mexico and south to Guatemala.
• Native American state that ruled much of what is
  now Mexico from about 1428 until 1521, when the
  empire was conquered by the Spaniards.

http//www.fsmitha.com/h3/map16-az.html
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Aztecs

• The Aztec built great cities and developed a
  complex social, political, and religious
  structure. Their capital, Tenochtitlán, was
  located on the site of present-day Mexico City.
• An elaborate metropolis built on islands and
  reclaimed marsh land, Tenochtitlán was possibly
  the largest city in the world at the time of the
  Spanish conquest. It featured a huge temple
  complex, a royal palace, and numerous canals.

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Incas

• The Inca Empire, a vast kingdom in the Andes
  Mountains of South America was created by the
  Quechua, a Native American people, in the 15th
  century ad.
• The Inca Empire was conquered by the Spanish in
  the early 16th century. The Incas built a wealthy
  and complex civilization that ruled between 5
  million and 11 million people.
• The Inca system of government was among the most
  complex political organizations of any Native
  American people. Although the Incas lacked both a
  written language and the concept of the wheel,
  they accomplished feats of engineering that were
  unequaled elsewhere in the Americas.
• They built large stone structures without mortar
  and constructed suspension bridges and roads that
  crossed the steep mountain valleys of the Andes.

http//www.raingod.com/angus/Gallery/Photos/SouthA
merica/Peru/IncaTrail.html
http//www.fsmitha.com/h3/map16-az.html
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Incas

• Road building was important to establishing
  communication throughout the huge, complex
  empire. The Inca emperors built a 10,000-mi
  network of stone roads. Trained runners carried
  official messages, working in relays to cover up
  250 mi per day.
• Terracing agriculture
• Construction of Massive City

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Incas

• The Inca recorded numbers and perhaps other kinds
  of information on the knotted strings of a quipu.
  Inca administrators used quipus to keep accounts
  of items owned and in storage within their
  districts, such as agricultural products and
  livestock.
• Unlike pre-Columbian civilizations of Mesoamerica
  such as the Maya and Aztec, the Inca had no form
  of true writing.

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Tainos

• At the time of European contact the larger
  indigenous groups of the Caribbean and Northern
  Andes culture area included the Ciboney, Taíno
  (Island Arawak), and Carib, of the Antilles
  islands
• The Caribbean and Northern Andes culture area is
  a tropical region that extends over a huge area
  between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator.
• In the Caribbean islands, manioc cultivation
  probably began around 250 bc, after agricultural
  peoples in northern Venezuela had begun migrating
  to the Lesser Antilles.

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Tainos

• Archaeologists believe that the island of Puerto
  Rico was first settled in the 1st century ad.
  When the Spanish arrived in 1493, the island was
  inhabited by an agricultural people belonging to
  the Arawakan language family.
• The Spanish called them Taínos, but they were
  also known as Island Arawak. The Taínos called
  the island Boriquén (or Borinquén). They lived in
  settled villages, in small, thatch-roofed houses
  or huts known as bohios.

http//www.taino-tribe.org/jatiboni.html
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How did the Worlds Collide?
When and where the first trips to Latin America?
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
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How did the Worlds Collide?
When and where the first trips to Latin America?
1492-1493
1493-1496
1502-1504
1498-1500
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Spanish Empire in the Americas
When and where the first viceroyalties and
cities were established?
http//www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1148.html
21
Treaty of Tordesillas-1494
Why is it so important?
http//www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/geogres/maps/s
mgif/smtorde.gif
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Worlds Collide

• The Aztecs believed that one of their Gods was a
  a white god named Quetzalcoatl, who had sailed
  away many years ago and who had promised to
  return from the east.
• When the Spanish, led by Hernan Cortez, entered
  the Aztec's land, Montezuma II welcomed him as a
  god and gave him gifts of gold.

http//ntap.k12.ca.us/whs/projects/history/montezu
ma.html
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Worlds Collide

• Montezuma said to Hernan Cortez,
• "For a long time we have known from the
• writings of our ancestors that neither I
• nor any of those who dwell in this land, are
• natives of it, but foreigners who came from
• very distant parts...and we have always held
• that those who descended from him would
• come and conquer this land and take us as
• their vassals. So because of the place from
• which you claim to come, namely, from
• where the sun rises...and the things you tell
• us of the great lord or king who sent you
• here, we believe and are certain that he is
• our natural lord...So be assured that we
• shall obey you.

http//ntap.k12.ca.us/whs/projects/history/montezu
ma.html http//www.crystalinks.com/aztecgods.html
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The Columbian Exchange

• Plants
• Animals
• Diseases
• Demographic
• Mineral Wealth
• Trade Items
• Technology
• Language
• Religion
• Economy
• Government
• Urban Planning

• The Columbian Exchange is the sharing of
  cultures that transformed the lives of two
  continents.
• Its was a two-way process with people, goods, and
  ideas moving back and forth.
• The three Gs
• What was exchanged?

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Plants

• Americas
• Maize
• Potato
• Tomato
• Tobacco
• Beans
• Cacao
• Cotton

• Europe
• Sugar
• Rice
• Wheat
• Coffee
• Banana
• Grapes

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Origin of Plants and Livestock
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
27
Plants

• So what?
• Asian and African plants were introduced such as
  bananas, plantains, sugarcane, and rice.
• Crops were introduced to a new environment to
  which they were better suited and to a location
  that could easily be transported.
• The Portuguese made it a policy to introduce
  plants from one part to another in their empire.
  Bananas to Brazil and maize, manioc, and peanuts
  to Africa.
• These crops became important global commodities.
• Diffusion of plants throughout the world.

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Diffusion of Plants
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
29
Diffusion of Plants
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
30
Animals

• Americas
• Turkey

• Europe
• Cattle
• Horse
• Pigs
• Sheep

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Animals

• Introduction of Animals from Europe had a big
  impact on land use, economies and lifestyles.
• L.A. had no large domesticated animals
• except for llamas.
• The imported animals became the center of Latin
  America livestock industry.
• Environmental impact.

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Animals
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
33
Diseases

• Americas
• New strains
• of syphilis

• Europe
• Smallpox
• Flu
• Measles
• Typhus

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Diseases

• The greatest genocide in human history.
• Central Mexico
• Indigenous population decline from 25 million to
  less than one million with a century. Mexico and
  Central America experienced a population decline
  by as much as 90 percent.
• Caribbean
• In the island of Hispaniola, population declined
  from one million to 1492 to 46,000 by 1512.
• North America
• 90 percent of the Indian population were gone
  within a century of the Puritan landing on
  Plymouth Rock.

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Demographic

• Indian population decrease
• African Diaspora
• European Migration
• Mixing of Populations (miscegenation)

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Indian Population Decrease

• Diseases
• In Europe, an outbreak of small pox would kill 30
  percent of those infected.
• However, in the Americas the small pox death rate
  was nearly 50 percent.
• War
• The battle of Tenochtitlan lasted eight days
  where 240,000 natives perished.
• Labor

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African Diaspora

• A decrease in Native American population prompted
  labor import from Africa.
• They worked in
• mines,
• agriculture,
• port towns,
• sugar mills.
• African slaves were imported to all parts of
  America.

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African Diaspora
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
39
European Migration

• A relatively small number of European males
  migrated to Latin America and the Caribbean
  during the colonial period.
• To give an example, from Mexico and Central
  America in 1570 only about 60,000 or 2 percent of
  the total population 3,096,000, was classified as
  white.
• By 1650 that white population had doubled to
  120,000, roughly 6 percent of the depleted total
  of 1,880,000.
• At the close of the colonial era in 1825 about 1
  million or 14 percent of the total population of
  just over 7 million was white.

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European Migration 1800s
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
41
Miscegenation

• The intermixing of Indians, Africans, and
  Europeans created a multi-racial society.
• Color became status symbol.
• Complex race structure.
• Peninsulars Europeans born in the the Iberian
  Peninsula.
• Creoles Children of European descent born in
  America.
• Mestizo Offsprings of European and Indian
  unions.
• Mulatto Children of European and African unions.
• Zambos Indians and Black.
• Coyotes Mestizos and Indian..

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Religion

• Religious Proclamation
• English crown- ordered their agents to conquer,
  occupy and possess the lands of the heathens
  and infidels.
• Spanish crown- sought not only to grab the land
  but to convert any indigenous people to embrace
  the Catholic faith and be trained in good
  morals. (by any means necessary)
• Governors- Diego Velasquez, the Cuban governor
  instructed Hernan Cortez as he departed to Mexico
  in 1519,
• Bear in mind from the beginning that the first
  aim of your expedition is to serve God and spread
  the Christian Faith. . . You must neglect no
  opportunity to spread the knowledge of the True
  Faith and the Church of God among those people
  who dwell in darkness

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Diffusion of Religion
Source Getis, Getis, and Fellman, 2005
44
Religion

• Results
• Baptism- within a month of Hernan Cortez arriving
  in Mexico first baptisms took place.
• Consensual Unions/Marriages- newly baptized
  Indian women were grabbed as concubines.
• Marriages were performed by priests.
• Destruction- The first bishop of Mexico, Juan de
  Zumarraga, claimed to have destroyed more than
  five hundred Indigenous temples and twenty
  thousands idols.
• In essence, the Spanish conquest of 1519-1521
  destroyed the core of Aztec religionthe cult of
  warfare and human sacrifice.

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Religion

• Transformation- The result of two strong
  religions was that old god went underground, and
  the Indians learned to cloak their worship in a
  Christian disguise.
• Virgin of Guadalupe the Virgin of Guadalupe
  appeared to an Aztec man named Juan Diego.
  Within six years 9 million Indians had been
  baptized as Catholics in central Mexico.
• The Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
• Christians lyrics were written to Indian melodies
  and native dances were incorporated into Catholic
  morality plays.
• The church accepted a process of mutual
  adaptation, in which Indians embraced
  Christianity symbols and forms, while the church
  turned a blind eye to the pagan content beneath
  the Catholic surface.

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Religion

• The Spanish missionaries early adopted the myth
  of Quetzalcoatl and thought that he was actually
  St. Thomas the Apostle, who had come to Mexico to
  help convert the Aztec Indians to Christianity
  and that the spirit of St. Thomas was in Cortes.
• Jesuits encouraged adaptation of African deities,
  filled the church with black figures, created
  Christian rituals in African languages, music,
  and dances in order to reach the slaves.

http//www.crystalinks.com/aztecgods.html
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Religion

• The Church reached every aspect of colonial life.
• Administrative center- Functioned next to or
  above the Spanish Civil Government.
• Financial center- while the crown collected its
  royal fifth from the elite, the church collected
  10 percent from everyone.
• Large landowner and had large labor force.
• Revolutionary figures- Father Miguel Hidalgo, a
  Creole priest, organized an uprising of Mestizos
  and Indians.
• Religious symbols- Virgin of Guadalupe

http//www.mexconnect.com/mex_/images/virgin.jpg
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Religion
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
49
Religion

• The importance of the Missions
• The church sent an army of Franciscan, Dominican,
  and Jesuits priests to the new territories.
• Missionaries sought to escape the moral decay of
  Europe and save the lost souls of the Americas.
• Missions became the principal frontier for the
  Spanish expansion.
• The first mission was founded in Venezuela in
  1520.
• Tension arose between missions and landowners.
• In 1767, the colonial elite succeeded in
  expelling the Jesuits. At that time 2,200
  Jesuits were working in the colonies with more
  than 700,000 living in the missions.

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Religion

• Missions played a key role in colonizing the
  United States.
• Franciscans founded 40 thriving missions in
  Florida and the Southwest.
• Founders of key USA cities such as San Antonio,
  El Paso, Santa Fe, Tucson, San Diego, Los
  Angeles, Monterrey, and San Francisco.
• Acculturation Center- agricultural practices,
  cultural, and religious.

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Fig. 7.25
Religion
Source Getis, Getis, and Fellman, 2005
52
Language
Source Bergman and Renwick, 2003
53
Mineral Wealth

• Americas
• Gold
• Silver

• Europe

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Trade Items

• Americas
• Minerals
• Raw Materials
• Agricultural products

• Europe
• Manufactured goods

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Technology

• Americas

• Europe
• Wheels
• Steel
• Guns

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Summary of the Legacy of Colonization

• What you think is the legacy of colonization?
• Political-audiencia became centers of newly
  independent states in Spanish America, so the
  colonial legal and administrative structure
  influenced state formation.
• Architecture/Urban planning- The use of
  architecture and urban planning as tools of
  European conquest is a recurrent theme in Latin
  American history. King Philip II of Spain ordered
  town planners to use a grid or checkerboard plan
  for the layout of new towns and cities in his
  Laws of the Indies (1573).
• The plan featured a plaza major, or central
  square, with the main
• church, government buildings, and residences of
  the authorities
• facing the square. In port cities straight
  streets connected the plaza
• major to the warehouses and docks of the port and
  to the imposing
• fortresses that protected them.

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Summary of the Legacy of Colonization

• Social- a social class was created based on
  color, class, and culture.
• Religion- a blending of religion occurred.
• - The church became an important power.
• Language-
• Demographic-

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Summary of the Legacy of Colonization

• Economic- colonial Latin America produced primary
  products and was dependent on the Iberian
  Peninsula for markets, capital, and credit
• Land ownership- the colonial era saw the
  development of large landowners at the top of the
  hierarchy.
• Many landless peasants at the bottom.
• Unequal distribution of land, resources, and
  wealth continued into the independence era.
• The gap between rich and poor.
• Gender relation-

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Legacy Paper
Pick a country and answer the following
questions What is the legacy of colonization
between 1500-1800 in your country? Was the
encounter between the Spaniards and the Natives
beneficial or negative in your country? Guideline
s The paper should be a minimum of three
pages. Provide a title page and follow the
guidelines in your syllabus. Your sources can be
internet, newspaper, popular magazines, or
scholarly sources.
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Further Reading

• Schwarts, Stuart B. (1985) Sugar plantations in
  the formation of Brazilian society Bahia
  1550-1835.
• Clayton, Lawerence A. and Conniff, Michael L.
  (1999). A history of Latin America.
• Winn, Peter (1992). Americas The changing face
  of Latin America and the Caribbean.
• Blouet, Brian W. and Blouet, Olwyn M. (2002).
  Latin America and the Caribbean A systematic and
  regional survey.