World History Chapter 1

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World HistoryChapter 1

• EMERGENCE OF CIVILIZATION
• MR. HOLGUIN

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Chapter Objectives

• Students will be able to describe how
  anthropologists, archaeologists, historians, and
  geographers study prehistory.
• Students will be able to identify major
  achievements of Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon
  peoples.
• Students will be able to explain changes caused
  by the Neolithic agricultural revolution.

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Objectives Continued

• Students will be able to list 3 main
  characteristics shared by civilization.
• Students will be able to explain the other 2
  characteristics that may be shared by
  civilizations.
• Students will be able to describe the other
  characteristics and achievements that marked the
  first river valley civilizations.

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Early Humans 101

• Hominids- Human and earlier human like forms.
• Artifacts- Objects made by or altered by early
  humans.
• Culture- A set of beliefs, values, and patterns
  of living among a group of people.
• Limited Evidence- Artifacts can only give so much
  information.

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Notable Anthropologists

• Donald Johanson- Discovered the bones of an
  early hominid Lucy in 1974 in Ethiopia
• Lucy is a hominid from the group australopithecus

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More Scientists

• Mary Leakey discovered similar skeletons in the
  late 1970s in Tanzania.
• Her findings shed light on the Stone Age period
  that began 2.5 million years ago.
• The Old Stone age ended only 12,000 years ago.

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Early Humans

• The earliest humans changed from gathering food
  to migrating and hunting.
• Between 100k and 400k years ago, Homo sapiens
  developed in Africa

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Ice Age

• Over the last 1.7 million years there have been
  Ice Ages.
• When waters froze, early humans could migrate to
  new regions over ice bridges.
• Humans learned to make clothes and endure the
  cold.

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Neanderthals

• They Lived 35k to 130k years ago in caves in
  Europe and Asia.
• They were strong tool makers and buried their
  dead.
• They may have believed in an afterlife.
• They died out for uncertain reasons.

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Cro-Magnon Man

• Lived 35k years ago in Europe and were excellent
  tool users.
• Left behind many paintings and drawings of
  hunting and everyday life.
• At 10k years ago, distinct differences between
  species no longer existed.

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Agricultural Revolution

• During the New Stone Age (ended 4k years ago),
  new technology and survival techniques emerged.
• Nomads began settling in single regions
• People developed agriculture raising crops
• Domestication of animals developed.
• The period between 9000 BC and 5000 BC is known
  as the Neolithic agricultural revolution

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CIVILIZATION

• A civilization is a complex culture that shows 3
  distinct characteristics

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1. Surplus Food and Irrigation

• A water source must be controlled to irrigate the
  crops used to feed the people.
• Extra food must be saved incase of emergencies.

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2. Cities, Government, and Labor

• Division of labor- work is divided into
  specialized tasks where one person is responsible
  for one job.
• Traders promoted Cultural Diffusion, where ideas
  and goods are spread from one region to another.

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3. Use of Metals

• People began making tools with copper and
  progressed to bronze and finally iron.
• It is not known when people developed the long
  process of forging iron.

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4. Family and Religion

• The family developed as a unit with each member
  expected to complete certain tasks.
• People believed in many different gods and
  goddesses that dictated how people lived.

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5. Technology and Timekeeping

• Several civilizations have developed calendars
  that are astonishingly accurate.
• The improvement of medicine is also a reoccurring
  theme in the emergence of civilization.