Air Platforms and Weapons

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Air Platforms and Weapons Discovery and
Invention 2 August 2007
Dr. Katherine Stevens Director, Aerospace
Science Research Division (Code 351) Air
Platforms and Weapons Department Office of Naval
Research [phone] katherine.stevens_at_.navy.m
il
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Naval Air Warfare and Weapons ST (Code 351)
Discovery and Invention
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Naval Air Warfare and Weapons DIa Key Part of
ONRs Strategic Plan
Naval Air Warfare and Weapons ST Aerospace
Science Research (Code 351)
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Navy Aviation Unique Challenges Ship-Based Air
Vehicles
Basing, Operations, and Environment Navy air
vehicles do everything that land-based air
vehicles do in a more hostile environment and
under more adverse conditions.

• MARINE ENVIRONMENT
• Highly corrosive air/spray
• High humidity/icing conditions
• High FOD, steam ingestion, and EMI

• MISSIONS
• Multi-mission capable
• Loiter and cruise segments
• V/STOL and STOVL

• CATAPULT TAKEOFF AND ARRESTED LANDING OF AIRCRAFT
• High power take-off landing
• Bolter / Wave-Off capability
• Rapid, precise throttle changes
• Steam ingestion
• High hydraulic / gearbox / landing gear loading
• High engine rate-of-climb
• High impact structural loads
• High thermal/cyclic loading

• AIR-CAPABLE SHIP OPS
• Autonomous landings on moving deck
• Manned (Jet, Rotorcraft)/Unmanned concurrent
  deck ops
• Need low maintenance/storage/logistics/costs/nois
  e
• Limited support equipment (APUs,)
• Small spot factor (ship deck parking area)
• Unique fuel lubes

TYPICAL 300x 8,000 RUNWAY
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Vertical Lift

• Innovative Technologies for Enhanced Safety,
• Survivability, and Performance of Naval
• Vertical Lift and Rotorcraft
• Research Areas
• Rotor Flowfield / Ship Airwake Coupling During
  Shipboard Operations (Dynamic Interface)
• Flight Simulation and Aeroacoustics of Advanced
  Ducted Fan Air Vehicles
• Crashworthy Systems for High Mass Payload Items
• Optimal Propulsion System Design for Variable
  Speed Rotors
• Variable Speed Rotors for Sea-Based Missions
• Active Rotors for Enhanced Shipboard Operations
  (Dynamic Interface)

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Vertical Lift
Reconfigurable Rotor Blade
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Propulsion

• Jet Noise Reduction
• Laboratory Experiments and Full Scale Demo
• Demonstration of 10 dBA peak and 5 dBA average
• noise reduction in lab
• Passive and Active Combustion Control
• Emphasis on reduced emissions, increased
• performance and reduced pressure oscillations
• Potential for increased life and reduced
  operating
• costs
• Novel Concepts
• Counter-current Combustor, Distributed Fuel
• Injection, High Energy Secondary Fuel Injection
• Potential for improved designs in future engines
• Computational and Diagnostic Tools
• Rotor-Stator Interaction, Combustion Species
• Measurement
• Improved tools for design optimization

Product 2
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Advanced Combustion Science Technology
Pulse Detonation Engines Novel propulsion concept
using an unconventional thermodynamic cycle for
energy addition
Active Combustion Control Potential for a
paradigm shift in propulsion control technologies

• RESEARCH GOALS
• Discover innovative combustion ST concepts that
  will improve Navy propulsion systems
• Establish scientific framework for physics-based
  combustion control
• Maximize combustion-propulsion performance while
  minimizing costs

• Past Present Research Focus
• Flameless/distributed combustion
• Fluidic flame-anchoring
• Emission detection and control
• Propulsive efficiency, Pattern factor
• Compactness and simplicity
• Ignition/relight
• Detonation initiation
• Altitude/pressure/temperature effects
• Diagnostics/sensors/actuators
• Control algorithms
• Active control of bypass ratio, pressure ratio

ONR 6.1 research on fundamentals of PDEs
including detonation Initiation, advanced
diagnostics and computations. ONR 6.2 research
and ground-based testing of flight-scale
hardware Performance of idealized system
established, several novel initiator concepts
discovered and invented, valveless and liquid
fuel operation demonstrated AF Focus on
multi-cycle operation with prevaporized fuels
rocket propulsion flight demonstration. NASA
Focus on Application studies

• Active control requirements were studied,
  including critical fuel flux, fuel droplet size,
  scalability, actuation timing and location.
• 20 dB suppression of combustion instability
  amplitude was demonstrated at inlet Ma 0.3.

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Intelligent Autonomy
Autonomous Control Human Interface technologies
for Management of 5-10 Heterogeneous UxVs
Collaborative Control of Large UxV Teams by
Groups of Operators
Human-Directed Learning for UAVs, Cognitive
Models Affect-Based Control of UAVs
UAV Shared Control by Distributed Small Unit
Users
Biologically Inspired Approaches for UxV Team
Coalition Formation
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High Speed Strike ST Roadmap
Future Options
Todays Missiles
5.0
Speed of Light
7.0
3.0
1.0
MACH
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Advanced Energetic MaterialsHigh Density
Reactive Materials

• Objective
• Develop energetic materials to enable
  substantially higher performance warheads and
  propellants
• Reduce the sensitivity of energetic materials to
  initiation by external stimuli without reducing
  performance
• Develop design methods to reduce the extremely
  long lead times and costs to develop Navy
  ordnance and propulsion systems.

CONVENTIONAL WARHEAD DAMAGE
REACTIVE DEVICE
12-INCH DIAMETER CONFIGURATION CRUISE MISSILE
SURROGATE

• Transition Targets
• PEO (W), PEO (IWS) and PEO (LMW) for advanced
  weapons and solid propellants
• PEO (Ships), PEO (Carriers), and PEO (Subs) for
  shipboard weapons stowage

• Payoff
• Dramatically Increased lethality of current
  future weapons
• Reduced sized weapons while retaining achieved
  effectiveness
• Insensitive Munitions compliance of Navy Ordnance
• Reduced weapons logistics (reduced cost, time,
  greater sustainment)

• Completed small-scale testing of high density
  reactive fragment candidates
• Laboratory scale quantification and preliminary
  characterization of energetic ingredients for
  ordnance applications.

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Advanced Energetic Materials Fleet Transitions
and Future Products
Delivered Thermobaric Weapons DI to Fleet
Response 2 to 2000 pound Lethal Warheads
ACTD TB Bomb BLU-118/B
Quick Response TB- BLU-118/B Weapon
Shoulder-Launched Multipurpose Assault TB Weapon
Investigating Combat Safe Insensitive Munitions
IMPROVED READINESS LOGISTIC SUSTAINMENT
ENHANCED SURVIVABILITY WARFIGHTING CAPABILITY
CV PIERS NORFOLK, VA
TYPICAL WEAPONS
Ammunition
LOADOUT
Staging
Ship Loading at pier
Area
ESQD with CSIM
HD 1.2.3 (CSIM) enables loadout of CV at Pier
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17 June 2004
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RATTLRSRevolutionary Approach To Time-critical
Long Range Strike
Flight Demonstration Program Objectives

• Enabling Technologies/Challenges
• Non-afterburning Mach 3 Turbine Engine
• High Temperature Nozzle and Airframe Materials
• High Speed Inlet with Payload Integration
• High Lift/Drag Configurations
• Aero-propulsion Integration

Develop and flight demonstrate (TRL 6), payload
flexible, multi-mission high speed system with a
cost goal of under 600K AUPC/ 2500 missiles

• Minimum Objectives
• At least one Mach 3 Flight Demonstration in
  FY2008
• Subsonic Air Launch, No Booster
• Transonic Acceleration 0.25 g or Greater in
  Level Flight
• Mach 3.0 Cruise
• Cruise Time 5-minutes or Greater
• Joint Tactical Weapon System Traceability
• Demonstrate Sub/Supersonic Submunition and
  Penetrator

• Warfighter Capability Need / Objective
• Flexible, Multi-Mission Weapons With Ability to
  Engage Time-Critical and Hard/Buried Targets
• Joint Warfighter Platform Compatibility
  (Strategic and Tactical Aircraft, Ship
  Submarine)
• Able to Trade Speed for Range Increase w/
  Potential Loiter Capabilities
• Highest Range Weapons Payload For High-Speed
  Solution from 500 - 1000lb payload up to
  1000nm, depending on the variant

Notional Tactical Weapon System
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HyFly

• Program Objective Demonstrate Sustained
  Sustained Mach 6 Flight in Weapon Configuration
• - 2 Full Scale Powered Flights (Fall 2007)
• Naval Relevance
• High Speed Strike Weapon 400-600 nmi
• Time Critical Threats
• - 600 nmi in 10 minutes
• - DDG/CG/SSGN Launch, F/A 18 E/F Launch
• Moderately Buried Threats (30 Reinforced
  Concrete)
• Global Precision Strike

50 Scale Short Duration _at_Mach5.5 Dual Combustor
Ramjet from NASA Wallops
Technical Products Dual Combustor Ramjet Capable
Over Mach 3.3 6.0 Un-cooled Refractory
Carbon-Carbon Engine With Thermo-Structural
integrity in Hypersonic Engine Environments

• Program Status
• Ground test vehicle complete for modal and mass
• properties, fuel system, and vibration and
  static loads
• testing, and ground tests Completed
• Booster and Avionics Capture Test Flights
  Completed
• Mach 5.2-5.7 Flight test 50 Scale Engine
  Completed
• Engine Thermo-Structural Durability Testing
  Completed

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ONR/Navy Directed Energy Program

• Transformational Game Changing Technology
• Speed of light delivery for wide range of
  missions and threats
• Precise aim point and delivery with controlled
  effects and minimal collateral damage
• Hard Kill or Soft Kill
• FEL is an all electric weapon system with deep
  magazine without danger and logistics of
  conventional ordnance

• Navy DE Program
• Laser Type Tailored to Application
• Free Electron
• Scalable to high power for ship defense
• Selected wavelength for maritime environment
• Electric Fiber Lasers
• Light weight fiber laser system for tactical
  aircraft
• Robust, unphased fiber system for shipboard
  asymmetric threat engagement.
• Beam Control (Essential for Laser Weapon System
  Operation)
• Maritime
• Naval Aviation

• Mission Needs
• Surface Navy
• Ship self defense against cruise missiles and
  swarming small targets
• Theater Ballistic Missile Defense
• Shipboard protection against asymmetric threat
• Power projection ashore
• Naval Aviation
• Accurate long range (5-10 km) surface target
  engagement
• Anti air engagement (offensive defensive)
• Persistent high speed strike weapon

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Directed Energy Development Roadmap

Amplifiers
Photo Cathodes
FELComponents Ships
Optics

• Directed Energy
• Surface
• Sub Surface
• Air
• Expeditionary Combat
• Marine Corps

Accelerator
Injector

National Laboratories Universities Industry
Fiber Laser, Diodes, Beam Steering
Short Pulse Laser
Solid State Fiber Aircraft
Incoherent Beam Combining
Radiation Balanced Laser

Atmospheric Propagation and Anal
Beam Control Ships/Aircraft
Maritime Beam Control
Airborne Beam Control

MS All Platforms
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Maritime Beam Control Technology

• Objectives
• Quantify via measurement the Induce Phase Error
  and Transmission Loss due to a Maritime
  Atmospheric Environment.
• Define bounds of requirement for beam
  compensation systems for Naval HEL systems.
• Develop model for propagation through maritime
  turbulence and validate model via measurements.
• Construct aerosol meteorological mesoscale map
• Anchor Codes

• Technology Challenges
• Tracking maritime targets in high clutter ocean
  environment solar glint, high sea states, white
  caps, intermittent contact
• Fine pointing laser beam in high dynamic maritime
  environment with atmospheric turbulence
• Aimpoint maintenance on high-maneuvering target
• Atmospheric turbulence compensation in maritime
  environment
• Operation in maritime environment

• Leveraging Current Efforts in Beam Control
  Technology
• High Energy Laser, Low Aspect Target Tracking
  (HEL-LATT) Demo at White Sands
• Acquisition, tracking and aimpoint selection /
  maintenance AIM-9X Tracker
• Maritime Testbed
• APT Function
• ATM Turbulance Compensation
• Maritime Imaging
• High Velocity Target Tracking

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Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction Detection
Tools

• Why is it important?
• Locating smuggled nuclear weapons at sea is a
  critical national priority
• Detecting uranium 235 requires active
  interrogation
• FEL technology offers promise for remote
  detection of WMD
• Need improved WMD detectors for maritime
  interception operations
• Who needs it?
• Maritime interdiction forces
• Marine expeditionary warfare
• Navy Special Operations
• When?
• Systems assessment 2008
• Particle beam concept demo 2009
• Maritime demonstration 2010
• Test and Evaluation
• Field test of photo-fission system in FY08
• Black Sea demo of active detection technology in
  FY10

MQ-8B Fire Scout
LCS
Active detection with particle beams
Dedicated terrorist-ship

• What is it?
• Demonstrate the ability for stand-off detection
  of fissile material and weapons
• Demonstrate the utility of free electron laser
  technology for detecting chemical, biological,
  and nuclear material
• Develop portable radiation detectors and
  technology to support maritime interdiction
  operations

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WMD Detection Tools Development Roadmap

Particle Beams
Active Detection
Accelerators
Underwater Detection

• WMD Detection

Radiation Detection

Nuclear Optical Standoff
Optical WMD Detection
Chem-Bio Optical Standoff
Ultrashort Pulse Laser Applications

Systems Analysis Assessment
Proof of Concept
Advanced Concepts
Maritime Demos

• Leverage FEL Optical and
• Accelerator Technology

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Questions?