Events Leading to the rise of Napoleon

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Events Leading to the rise of Napoleon

• Reforms-Declaration of the rights of man, state
  control of the Catholic church, Limited Monarchy
• War with Austria and Prussia and September
  Massacres
• Rise of the National Convention
• Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror

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Background of Napoleon

• He was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica
• He will attend a French military school and
  become an artillery officer
• He will join the army of the government when the
  revolution breaks out.

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Napoleons Rise to Power

• Oct. 1795 Napoleon defends the National
  Convention from royalists by firing a cannon shot
  into them.
• In 1796 he is appointed to lead the French army
  into a battle with the Austrians. His battles are
  very successful until his invasion of Egypt is
  thwarted.

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Napoleons Rise to Power

• He is able to keep the news of his defeat quiet
  and so the general is only Napoleon to the
  people of France.
• Through a plan set forth and carried out by
  Napoleon and his wife.
• The Directory, which had been losing control of
  France, will give control of all of the military
  to Napoleon.

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Napoleons Rise to Power

• His troops will drive out members of the national
  legislature.
• The remaining members will dissolve the Directory
  and install three consuls to run the country, one
  was Napoleon.
• Napoleon seized power in a coup detat, declaring
  himself to be the 1st consul

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Napoleon in Power

• First he will end the war that had been ongoing
  through the last decade with England and Austria
  bringing peace to France.
• Then he turns his attention to France and
  restoring order there.

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Napoleon in Power

• The people of France were desperate for order so
  they approved the 4th new constitution in 8
  years.
• This vote of the plebiscite gave Napoleon all
  power.
• Even though he had total power he will keep many
  of the changes that were made during the
  revolution.

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Napoleon in Power
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Napoleon as Emperor

• In 1804 Napoleon decided to declare himself
  emperor with the support of the French people.
• He crowned himself rather than allow the Pope to
  do it.
• Why is this gesture important?

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Napoleons Empire

• Goal was to control the world
• While he tried to gain control over territories
  in the new world. He eventually decided not worth
  his time and decided to sell Louisiana to the
  United States.

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Napoleons Empire

• He decided to turn his attention to Europe.
• He will fight a war with the third coalition who
  was trying defeat him.
• He only lost the battle of Trafalgar, a naval
  battle

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Napoleons Empire

• He controlled most of Europe at this time and
  only three countries remained independent of his
  control.
• Some of the countries were ruled by his in-laws
  while others were puppets as the threat of
  military action would bend them to whatever
  Napoleon would want.
• Napoleon will only maintain this vast empire for
  5 years.

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Napoleons Empire
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End of Napoleon (Three Costly Mistakes)

• Continental System- Closed all European ports to
  the British. This was intended to make Europe
  more self-sufficient and to hurt Britain. The
  British made the blockade impossible with their
  superior navy and even set up their own blockade
  of the mainland stopping all neutral shipping.

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End of Napoleon (Three Costly Mistakes)

• The Peninsular War- Portugal refused to follow
  the continental system and this will lead
  Napoleon to send an army to invade Portugal.
• He chose to march his army through Spain and this
  will be resented by the people of Spain. Because
  of this protest Napoleon deposed their king and
  put his brother on the throne. He also undermined
  the authority of the Catholic Church.
• A guerrilla war will ensue where Napoleon will
  lose about 300,000 men. This nationalist
  rebellion will lead to similar uprisings in other
  parts of his empire

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End of Napoleon (Three Costly Mistakes)

• Invasion of Russia- In 1812 Napoleon and his
  Grand Army (including troops from all over
  Europe) will invade Russia.
• The Russian army will do a strategic retreat
  scorching the earth as they went so as to leave
  nothing for Napoleon.
• Napoleon will eventually gain control of Moscow
  and waited there expecting a peace offering from
  the Russian leader but none came.
• Napoleon decides in mid October to turn back but
  on the return trip cold weather and the Russian
  Army set in.
• Napoleon left Russia with about 10,000 troops of
  his original 422,000

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Napoleons Downfall

• In the weakened state of Napoleons Army all of
  his enemies united against him in the 4th
  coalation. (Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia,
  and Sweden)
• His army will be cut to pieces and Napoleon will
  be banished to the island of Elba
• Louis the XVIII will become the new King of
  France. He was not well liked by the French
  people. SO

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Napoleons Downfall

• Here comes Napoleon again.
• He will be welcomed by the French people and his
  army will swell with volunteers.
• British and other enemies will quickly pull
  together their troops and they will meet at

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Napoleons Downfall

• Napoleons troops will fight the British at
  Waterloo and the British will survive the first
  day holding their ground until later that day
  when the Prussian troops will arrive. After a
  hard fought battle over the next two days
  Napoleons troops will lose and the Hundred Days
  for Napoleon.
• Napoleon will be banished again to the island of
  St. Helena where he will die after six years.

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Congress of Vienna

• -After the defeat of Napoleon leaders of Europe
  wanted to create a long lasting peace in Europe.
  They will meet in Vienna over the next 8 months.
• -Most of the decisions were made in secret by the
  5 great powers of the time, Russia, Prussia,
  Austria, Britain, and France.

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Congress of Vienna

• -The most influential leader was Klemens von
  Metternich of Austria. He distrusted democracy
  and had three key goals.
• 1. Prevent future French aggression through
  containment of strong countries surrounding
  France.
• 2. Restore a balance of power in Europe.
• 3. Restore families to the thrones they had
  before Napoleon.

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Actions taken by the Congress of Vienna

• They contained France by creating strong
  countries around them including Netherlands,
  creation of the German confederation of Austria,
  Switzerland is now independent, and Kingdom of
  Sardinia is strengthened.
• In order to maintain the balance of power they
  went easy on France allowing it to remain intact
  to its pre-war borders.

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Actions taken by the Congress of Vienna Continued

• Legitimacy- Many of the rulers pre-Napoleon
  returned to their thrones. Including Louis XVIII
  in France and many Hapsburg princes in Italy.
• Also to protect the monarchs of Europe from
  revolutions like the ones in France they agreed
  to alliance that they would aid each other if a
  revolution broke out in their country.
• These were the Holy Alliance and the Concert of
  Europe.

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-Legacy of the Congress of Vienna, French
Revolution and Napoleon.

• Europe will remain peaceful until 1853
• The seeds of revolution was planted and many of
  the people of Europe will look for political
  changes and the movement toward democracy in
  Europe.
• Actual revolutions will take place in the
  countries of Latin America.
• Many efforts to maintain peace will be
  established. But war will grip Europe again in
  the years to come.
• Nationalism will be on the rise in many countries
  and these feeling will create new revolutions in
  several countries.