Biodiversity Conservation and Management at INTSORMIL

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Biodiversity Conservation and Management at
INTSORMIL

• Gebisa Ejeta
• Plant Genetics Breeding
• Purdue University

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The African center of crop origin

• Cereals
• African rice (Oryza glaberrima), pearl millet
  (Pennisetum glaucum) (West African drylands),
  sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (Abyssinia), tef
  (Eragrostis abyssinica), fonio (Digitaria exilis)
  (West Africa)
• Pulses
• cowpea (Vigna linguculata), bambara groundnut
  (Vigna subterranea), hyacinth bean (Lablab
  purpureus), kersting's groundnut (Macrotyloma
  geocarpa)
• Roots tuber crops
• yam (Dioscorea cayanensis)
• Oil crops
• oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) (West Africa),
  castor bean (Ricinus communis)
• Fruits nuts
• baobab (Adansonia digitata) (tropical Africa),
  watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) melon (Cucumis
  melo) (central Africa)
• Vegetables spices
• okra (Hibiscus esculentus), sesame (Sesamum
  indicum), egglplant (Solanum aethiopicum)
  (tropical Africa).
• Fibers
• kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) (Western Sudan)
• Stimulants
• coffee (Coffea arabica) (Abyssinia)

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VI. Abyssinian Center Abyssinia, Eritrea, and
part of Somaliland (Vavilov centers of origin)
http//www.hort.purdue.edu/
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Diversity

• Diverse ecological conditions and different
  ethnic customs and preferences resulted in
  enormous genetic diversity.
• Most have shown great resilience and broad
  adaptation
• Global distribution of these species has served
  humanity well.
• Some have had a narrowly defined nich utility
• Example Teff is a highly valued staple cereal
  crop in Ethiopia, but is cultivated no where else
  as a food crop .

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Conservation and Management ofGenetic Resources
Essential

• In situ conservation
• Ex situ Conservation
• Whose Responsibility?
• Partnerships and Dialogue
• Ag Conservation Groups
• Scientists Policy Makers
• Rich Poor Nations
• Accountability (community, nation, donors)
• Education, based on demonstrable benefit

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Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at
INTSORMIL

• Collection, characterization, and documentation

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Sorghum Domestication
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Sorghum Collections
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Sources of genetic variation
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Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at
INTSORMIL

• Collection, characterization, and documentation
• Enhance the diversity base of breeding programs

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Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at
INTSORMIL

• Collection, characterization, and documentation
• Enhance the diversity base of breeding programs
• Facilitate open exchange and distribution

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Released in the Amhara region of Ethiopia, 2001
under the name Brhan
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Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at
INTSORMIL

• Collection, characterization, and documentation
• Enhance the diversity base of breeding programs
• Facilitate open exchange and distribution
• Conduct diversity analysis (ex-situ , in-situ)
• Morphological
• Molecular

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Genetic Diversity in Cultivated Sorghums

• Genetic Diversity in Cultivated Races of Sorghum
• (Menkir et al., 1997. Crop Sci. 37564)
• 190 acc. from four geographic regions of origin
  (Far and Middle East, Central and Eastern Africa,
  Southern Africa, Western Africa) - 162
  polymorphic RAPD bands
• Cultivated races with limited amount of genetic
  differentiation
• Low level of differentiation among regions
• Genetic distances estimates to help identifying
  suitable germplasm for introgression into
  breeding stocks
• Phenotypic Diversity among Sudanese Landraces
• (Grenier et al., 2003. GRES in press)
• 2,017 acc. Sudanese landrace collection - 19
  morpho-agronomic characters
• Different distribution of phenotypic diversity
  among regions
• Specific patterns of phenotypic diversity for
  each geographical area of origin
• Phenotypic diversity to highlight selective
  pressures that have reduced the variation to
  certain ideotypes

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Genetic Diversity in Cultivated Races of Sorghum
Mean genetic distance estimates calculated from
162 polymorphic RAPD bands for all pairs of
accessions from either one or two geographic
regions of origin (Menkir et al., 1997. Crop Sci.
37564)
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Phenotypic Diversity among Sudanese Landraces
Principal component analysis on the total
Sudanese landrace collection (2,017 acc.) and for
nine quantitative morpho-agronomic characters
(Grenier et al., 2003. GRES in press)
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Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at
INTSORMIL

• Collection, characterization, and documentation
• Enhance the diversity base of breeding programs
• Facilitate open exchange and distribution
• Conduct diversity analysis (ex-situ , in-situ)
• Morphological
• Molecular
• Assess extent of gene flow bet. Wild Cultivated

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Gene Flow Between Cultivated and Wild Sorghums
in Africa
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Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at
INTSORMIL

• Collection, characterization, and documentation
• Enhance the diversity base of breeding programs
• Facilitate open exchange and distribution
• Conduct diversity analysis (ex-situ , in-situ)
• Morphological
• Molecular
• Assess extent of gene flow bet. Wild Cultivated
• Investigate extent of real genetic erosion

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Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at
INTSORMIL

• Collection, characterization, and documentation
• Enhance the diversity base of breeding programs
• Facilitate open exchange and distribution
• Conduct diversity analysis (ex-situ , in-situ)
• Morphological
• Molecular
• Assess extent of gene flow bet. Wild Cultivated
• Investigate extent of real genetic erosion
• Facilitate repatriation and/or new introduction

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Biomass Biofuel Potential?
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