Emotion June 8th, 2005

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EmotionJune 8th, 2005

• Brain Damage and Emotion
• Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
• Phineas Gage
• The case of SM
• Theories of Emotion
• Darwin
• James - Lang
• Cannon - Bard
• Fear
• Measuring Fear
• Facial expressions
• Fear in non-human animals
• Neural Circuits of Fear

Munch, 1893
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EmotionKluver-Bucy Syndrome

• Damage to the Medial Temporal Lobe produces
• Emotional Blunting a flat affect and may not
  respond appropriately to stimuli.
• Hyperphagia extreme weight gain without a
  strictly monitored diet. There is a strong
  tendency for those with Kluver-Bucy to
  compulsively place inedible objects in their
  mouths.
• Inappropriate Sexual Behavior atypical sex
  behaviors, mounting inanimate objects.
• Visual Agnosia "psychic blindness," i. e. an
  inability to visually recognize objects.

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EmotionPhineas Gage
Phineas Gage From responsible, religious
respectable and socially well-adapted man to an
irreverent, profane and impulsive itinerant.
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EmotionSM
SM A life-long pattern of social and emotional
inadequacy.
SM
1
Control
0.9
0.8
Urbach-Wiethe Disease
Mean Correlation with Normals
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Disgusted
Happy
Afraid
Angry
Surprised
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Theories of Emotion

• Darwin
• Observed..
• Innateness of emotional expression
• Expressions appear similarly in many lower
  animals
• Expressions appear in very young children
• Expressions appear identical in those born blind
• Concluded..
• Expression of emotion evolve from behaviors that
  indicate what an animal might do next.
• If the signals provided by the behaviors enhance
  the animals ability to survive, they will be
  retained.
• Opposite messages are revealed through opposite
  behaviors

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Theories of Emotion

• James-Lange
• Emotional stimuli activate physiological
  reactions that are then interpreted as emotional
  experiences.
• Cannon-Bard
• Emotional stimuli simultaneously activate
  physiological reactions emotional feelings.
• Data
• Injections of epinephrine do not produce
  emotional feelings.
• Individuals with no peripheral sensation
  experience emotion.

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EmotionFacial Expressions
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EmotionFacial Expressions
Anger
Happy
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EmotionFacial Expressions
Fear
Happy
Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L.,
McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., Jenike, M. A.
(1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial
expressions modulate amygdala activity without
explicit knowledge. The Journal of Neuroscience,
18(1), 411-418.
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EmotionA theory of Amygdala Involvement in Fear
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EmotionFacial Expressions
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EmotionFacial Expressions
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EmotionFear
Human
Increase heart rate Decreased appetite Increased
startle Increased motility Decreased pain
reactivity Decrease motor activity
Central State of Fear
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Laboratory Procedures for Measuring Fear and
Anxiety in Rodents
Pavlovian Fear Conditioning
D heart rate decreased salivation increased
startle defecation hypoalgesia D Activity
Central State of Fear

Shock
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EmotionLaboratory Procedures for Measuring Fear
Pavlovian Fear Conditioning
D heart rate decreased salivation increased
startle defecation hypoalgesia D Activity
Central State of Fear
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EmotionDamage to the Amygdala Interferes with
Fear
4
2
0
-2
Mean Change From Pre CS Baseline
-4
Sham
-6
-8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Five Trial Blocks
Kapp, B. S., Frysinger, R. C., Gallagher, M.,
Haselton, J. R. (1979). Amygdala central nucleus
lesions effect on heart rate conditioning in the
rabbit. Physiology Behavior, 23, 1109-1117.
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EmotionAmygdala Damage Interferes with
Conditioned Fear
Measure of Fear Species Lesion Reference D
heart rate rabbit electrolytic ACE Kapp et al
(1979) rat electrolytic ACE Sananes et al
(1989) rabbit electrolytic ACE /BLA Powell et
al (1997) rat electrolytic ACE Young Leaton
(1996) Increased blood pressure rat excitotoxic
ACE Iwata et al (1986) Decreased pain
reactivity rat electrolytic ACE/BLA Helmsteter
(1992) rat electrolytic ACE/BLA Watkins et al
(1993) Increased startle rat electrolytic
ACE Hitchcock Davis (1987) rat excitotoxic
BLA Sananes Davis (1992) rat reversible
ACE/BLA Kim et al (1993) rat excitotoxic
ACE/BLA Campeau Davis (1995) rat
electrolytic ACE Falls Davis
(1995) mouse electrolytic BLA Heldt et al
(2000) Freezing rat electrolytic ACE Blanchard
Blanchard (1972) rat electrolytic
ACE LeDoux et al (1988) rat reversible Helmstet
er (1992) rat electrolytic ACE Kim et al
(1993) rat excitotoxic BLA Cousins Otto
(1998) rat excitotoxic BLA Maren
(1998) mouse electrolytic BLA Desmendt et al
(1998)
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EmotionAmygdala Damage in Humans is Associated
with Deficits in Conditioned Fear
A.
B.
SM
2.5
Normal
2
1.5
SCR Magnitude
1
0.5
Urbach-Wiethe Disease
0
Habit.
Cond.
Test 1
Test 2
Bechara, A., Tranle, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs,
R., Rocklan, C., Damasio, A. R. (1995). Double
dissociation of conditioning and declarative
knowledge relative to the amygdala and
hippocmapus in humans. Science, 269, 1115-1118.
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EmotionHuman Amygdala Activation in Fear
Conditioning
LaBar, K. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C.,
LeDoux, J. E., Phelps, E. A. (1998). Human
amygdala activation during conditioned
fear-acquisition and extinction a mixed-trial
fMRI study. Neuron, 20, 937-945.Bar, et al
(1998). Neuron, 20, 937-945.
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EmotionPathways Mediating Conditioned Fear
Thalamus
Ear
Tectum
Cortex
dMNV
Amygdala
PAG
Auditory Stimulus
CE
BLA
LA
PnC
Thalamus
Shock US
Cortex
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EmotionPathways Mediating Conditioned Fear