Grammar boot camp

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This workshop will teach you to

• Correctly use the
• Comma
• Semicolon
• Colon
• Dash
• Hyphen
• Apostrophe
• Ellipsis
• This presentation is enhanced with Question and
  Answer slides. To access, simply click on the
  words that are highlighted and underlined.

Click mouse for next slide
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Comma ,

• Rule 1 Separate Three or More Elements (words,
  phrases, clauses) in a Series.
• Examples
• I ordered a ring, a necklace, and a scarf.
• The dog ran down the stairs, through the living
  room, and out the door.
• He studied his notes, he read his textbook, and
  he completed his homework assignments.

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Comma ,

• Rule 2 Set Off Most Introductory Elements
  (transitions, phrases, dependent clauses).
• Examples
• Indeed, we all agreed with Toms decision.
• After four years of intense training, the gymnast
  was ready to compete internationally.
• When Amy finished painting her room, she returned
  the borrowed ladder.

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Comma ,

• Rule 3 Use Before a Coordinating Conjunction to
  Join Independent Clauses.
• Example
• Larry received an excellent job offer, but he
  rejected it.

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Comma ,

• Rule 4 Set Off Nonessential Elements
  (appositives, phrases, clauses).
• Examples
• Alice Jones, a waitress, won the contest.
• Diane Ortega, living at 2401 Lakeview, placed
  second.
• Philadelphia, which is my hometown, is located in
  southern Pennsylvania.
• Hint An element is nonessential if the meaning
  of the sentence is not changed when the element
  is removed.

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Comma

• DO NOT Use Commas for Essential Elements
• Examples
• All students who complete the assignment will get
  to go.
• Children under five years old enter free.
• Hint An element is essential if the meaning of
  the sentence is changed when the element is
  removed.

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Comma ,

• Rule 5 Set Off Transitional Words.
• Examples
• Many people, consequently, have cell phones.
• The team, first of all, must pick a captain.
• Curling is a popular sport, nevertheless.

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Comma ,

• Rule 6 To Prevent Misreading.
• Examples
• When the lightning struck, James Harvey fainted.
• When the lightning struck James, Harvey fainted.

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Semicolon

• Rule 1 Join Independent Clauses Not Joined by a
  Comma and Coordinating Conjunction.
• Example
• The children enjoyed the circus they liked the
  clown act most of all.

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Semicolon

• Rule 2 Use Before a Conjunctive Adverb to Join
  Two Independent Clauses.
• Example
• Jessica likes to play the piano however, she
  prefers to play the violin.
• NOTE A comma follows the conjunctive adverb.

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Colon

• Rule 1 Introduce a List.
• Example
• Bring the following forks, knives, and spoons.

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Colon

• Rule 2 Introduce a Second Main Clause Which
  Explains the First.
• Example
• Her excuse is valid she does not have
  transportation.

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Colon

• Rule 3 Emphasize a Following Appositive.
• Example
• He had only one motive love.

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Dash --

• Rule 1 Set Off a Parenthetical Element.
• Example
• He told herbelieve it or notto leave.

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Dash --

• Rule 2 Emphasize an Appositive.
• Example
• English, history, and scienceall are required.

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Hyphen -

• Rule 1 Join Compound Words Functioning as a
  Single Unit.
• Example
• She called her mother-in-law for advice.
• John has a better-late-than-never disposition.
• NOTE The hyphen is shorter than the dash.

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Hyphen -

• Rule 2 Join Fractions and Compound Numbers from
  21 to 99.
• Example
• The phone rang twenty-one times in one day.
• Three-fourths of the pie is eaten.

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Hyphen -

• Rule 3 Use with Prefixes Ex- and Self-.
• Example
• The clubs ex-president attended the meeting.
• Self-denial requires discipline and commitment.

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Apostrophe

• Rule 1 Show Possession.
• Example
• The ships mast is made of wood.
• Have you been to the students lounge, yet?
• Ben Jerrys ice cream is my favorite brand.

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Apostrophe

• Rule 2 Indicate Omission.
• Example
• Joel isnt sure if he passed the test.
• The graduating class of 05 donated a picnic
  table.

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Ellipsis ...

• Rule 1 Indicate Omitted words.
• Example
• I pledge allegiance to the flag . . . with
  liberty and just for all.

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Ellipsis ...

• Rule 1 Indicate Omitted line of poetry.
• Example
• Roses are red
• . . . . . . . . . . .
• Sugar is sweet
• And so are you.

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Exercise Your Muscles

• Add the missing punctuation marks to the
  following sentences
• Doris went to work but Janis stayed home
• Three guiding principles direct her life faith
  hope and love
• Garys mom is equally fond of swimming dancing and
  riding
• The host was generous he served twenty four trays
  of caviar and champagne

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Answer key

• Doris went to work, but Janis stayed home.
• Three guiding principles direct his life faith,
  hope, and love.
• Garys mom is equally fond of swimming, dancing,
  and riding.
• The host was generous he served twenty-four
  trays of caviar and champagne.

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Congratulations!

• You have successfully completed Session Four of
  Grammar Boot Camp!
• For more information on Punctuation, visit a
  friendly, professional tutor at the Stone Writing
  Center.
• SW 104, East Campus 698-1364
  www.delmar.edu/engl/wrtctr

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Q What is a Phrase?

• A A phrase is a group of related words that does
  not contain a subject nor a verb. Common phrases
  include prepositional phrases, infinitive
  phrases, participial phrases, and gerund phrases.
  For more information on phrases, refer to
  Building Muscle Phrases and Clauses of Grammar
  Boot Camp.
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Q What is a Clause?

• A A clause is a group of related words that
  contains a subject, verb, and complete thought.
  Two main clauses are independent clauses and
  dependent clauses. For more information on
  clauses, refer to Building Muscle Phrases and
  Clauses of Grammar Boot Camp.
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Q What is a Transition?

• A A transition links one idea with another. The
  following is a list of common transitional
  expressions
• afterward first in summary
• again for example on the other hand
• also in addition next
• as a result in fact then
• earlier in the meantime therefore
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Q What is a Dependent Clause?

• A A dependent clause is a group of related words
  containing a subject and a verb it does not,
  however, contain a complete thought. Thus, it
  cannot stand alone. For more information on
  dependent clauses, sign up for Building Muscle
  Phrases and Clauses of Grammar Boot Camp.
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Q What is a Coordinating Conjunction?

• A A coordinating conjunction joins independent
  clauses as well as other sentence elements of
  equal weight or function. The following is a list
  of coordinating conjunctions, commonly referred
  to as the FANBOYS
• for
• and
• nor
• but FANBOYS (taken from the first letter of
  each word)
• or
• yet
• so
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Q What is an Independent Clause?

• A An independent clause is a group of related
  words containing a subject, a verb, and a
  complete thought. For more information on
  independent clauses, sign up for Building Muscle
  Phrases and Clauses of Grammar Boot Camp.
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Q What is an Appositive?

• A An appositive renames a noun or a pronoun.
  Appositives appear immediately following the word
  they rename.
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Q What is a Conjunctive Adverb?

• A A conjunctive adverb indicates a relation
  between independent clauses. The following is a
  list of common conjunctive adverbs
• accordingly consequently indeed
• also finally instead
• anyway furthermore likewise
• as a result hence meanwhile
• besides however moreover
• certainly incidentally nevertheless
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