Teaching Methods

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Teaching Methods
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Table 7 Guidelines for working with individuals
and with groups Reference http//www.fao.org/doc
uments/show_cdr.asp?url_file/docrep/W3733E/w3733e
05.htm
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Teaching Skills

• Gain interest with stimulating approach
• Achieve rapport foster interaction
• Incorporate different points of view
• Relate frame of reference to objectives
• Make students realize relevancy of material to
  them
• Pay attention to nonverbals

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Teaching Skills Contd

• Use questions to clarify, justify and bring other
  students into discussion.
• Use variety of levels of questions.
• Use variety of methods of instruction and
  reinforcement.
• Close at appropriate time.
• Give students feeling of progress and acheivement
• Use Silence

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What People Remember

• 10 of what they read
• 20 of what they hear
• 30 of what they see
• 50 what they both see and hear
• 70 what they say
• 90 what they both say and do

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Lectures

• Most familiar technique used as a method of
  informing and transferring knowledge
• Lowest level in the cognitive domain
• Learner is passive participant whose learning
  depends on their listening skills
• Lectures do not meet the requirements of the
  adult education andragogy for self-directed
  learning and problem-solving approaches

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Lectures

• Keys to an effective lecture
• Limit the number of concepts presented
• Use examples and summaries frequently
• Add visual aids
• Provide ample time for question-and-answer or
  discussion period
• Provide resources for further study

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Lectures

• Advantages
• Easy and efficient
• Conveys most information
• Reaches large numbers
• Minimum threat to learner
• Maximum control by instructor

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Lectures

• Disadvantages
• Learner is passive
• Learning by listening
• Formal atmosphere
• May be dull, boring
• Not suited for higher-level learning in cognitive
  domain
• Not suited for manual learning

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Demonstrations

• Purposes
• Show procedures
• Illustrate methods in limited time

• Examples
• Showing someone how to prepare a low-fat recipe
• Showing someone how to operate a meat slicer

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Planning a Demonstration

• Outline steps in order
• Outline what you will say
• List items time needed for each step
• Prepare some steps /or finished product ahead of
  time

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Planning a Demonstration

• Select best equipment
• Organize materials and equipment efficiently
• Involve audience in demo
• Practice!!!!

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Demonstrations

• Strengths
• Realistic visual image
• Appeals to several senses
• Can show a large group
• Good for psychomotor domain

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Demonstrations

• Weaknesses
• Requires equipment
• Requires time
• Learner is passive, unless they can practice

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Laboratory Experiences

• Productive Labs
• Usually develops psychomotor skills
• Food preparation
• Anthropometric measures

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Laboratory Experiences

• Experimental Labs
• Use scientific method
• Compare different food products
• Compare nutrient content of different diets

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Laboratory Experiences

• Observational Labs
• Students make judgments about situations they
  observe
• Watch Saturday morning television messages about
  nutrition?
• Observe counseling session

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Laboratory Experiences

• Advantages
• Learn by experience
• Hands on method
• Active participation
• Good for higher-level cognitive objectives

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Laboratory Experiences

• Disadvantages
• Requires ample space
• Time consuming
• Group size limited
• May become expensive

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Cooperative Learning

• Characteristics
• Interdependence of group members
• Individual accountability
• Requires social skills

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Cooperative Learning

• Advantages
• Increased retention
• Motivation to learn
• More higher level reasoning
• Improved social skills

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Cooperative Learning

• Disadvantages
• Some work more effectively alone
• Individual feedback sometimes difficult

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Cooperative Learning

• Planning
• How and where to divide group
• Objective for activity
• Criteria for success
• How will group work together
• How to measure individual learning
• How to evaluate group work

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Games

• Card Games
• Matching
• Assemble Sets
• Word games
• Crossword
• Hidden words
• Scrambled words

• Board Games
• Monopoly
• TV Quiz Shows
• Jeopardy
• Family Feud
• Computer games
• Simple Games
• Complex simulations

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Simulated Experiences

• Activities that imitate or depict real life
• Skits
• Student or teacher written scripts
• Write full script or simply topics to cover

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Simulated Experiences

• Sociodrama
• Personal or social relations/conflict dialogue
  spontaneous
• Role play
• Show how to do something correctly or incorrectly

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Simulated Experiences

• Photo situation
• Reaction to a picture

• Case studies
• Story or scenario
• Requires
• Analysis of situation
• Plan solution
• Predict Outcome

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Simulated Experiences

• Advantages
• Active participation
• Requires critical thinking
• Develops problem-solving skills
• Connects theory and practice
• More interesting
• Good for higher-level cognitive and affective
  objectives

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Simulated Experiences

• Disadvantages
• Time consuming
• Group size limited, unless on computer

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Discussion

• One- on-one or group setting
• Individuals are active participants by exchanging
  ideas through verbal responses
• Individuals can examine their own ideas and
  internalize knowledge
• Discussion may be lead by a facilitator or it may
  be group-centered

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Discussion

• Basis for Discussion
• Common experiences
• Problem solving
• Topics pre-announced so group was prepared
• Case studies of real-life situations

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Discussion

• Different types of discussions
• Brainstorming
• Inner and outer circles
• Panel discussion
• Debate

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Discussion

• Advantages
• More interesting / motivating
• Active participation
• Informal atmosphere
• Broadens perspectives
• We remember what we discuss
• Good for higher-level cognitive, affective
  objectives

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Discussion

• Disadvantages
• Learner may be unprepared
• Shy people may not discuss
• May get side-tracked
• More time-consuming
• Size of group limited

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Table 8 Summary of Instructional Technologies to
use in training nutrition educators Reference
http//www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file
/docrep/W3733E/w3733e05.htm
1 Self-Reported Dietary Assessment (SRDA)
program. Hernandez T. JWK International
Corporation, Annandale, VA. 2 Hispanic
Multi-Media Assessment (HMMA) program. Hernandez
T. JWK International Corporation, Annandale, VA.