FEEDSTUFFS

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FEEDSTUFFS
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Feedstuffs

• Definition any component of the diet (ration)
  that serves some useful function
• Provides one or more nutrients
• May be included not only to supply nutrients, but
  to modify the diets characteristics
• Flavor, color, odor, provide bulk

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Feedstuffs

• NOTE
• Medicinal compounds excluded from lists of
  feedstuffs

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International Nomenclature

• International Feed names are used in tables of
  feed composition
• Follows the international feed vocabulary
• State the source of material and describe any
  process, alteration, or special circumstances
  which affect nutritional value
• Designed to give comprehensive name as concisely
  as possible

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Feed Classes

• Feeds of same origin
• 8 classes
• 1. dry forages and roughages
• 2. pasture, range plants, and forages fed fresh
• 3. silages
• 4. energy feeds
• 5. protein supplements
• 6. mineral supplements
• 7. vitamin supplements
• 8. additives

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Dry Forages and Roughages

• All forages and roughages cut and cured and other
  products with more that 18 CF or containing more
  than 35 cell wall
• Low Net Energy due to high cell wall content
• Examples
• Carbonaceous roughages (low protein)
• Straws, stalks, weathered grass
• Proteinaceous roughages
• Legume or grass hays

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Pasture, range plants, and forages fed fresh

• All forage feeds either not cut (cured on stem)
  or cut and fed fresh
• Carbonaceous
• Wheatgrass fresh, post ripe
• Proteinaceous
• Wheatgrass, fresh, early vegetative

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Silages

• Only ensiled forages (maize, alfalfa, grass,
  etc.)
• Not ensiled fish, grain, roots, and tubers
• Carbonaceous
• Corn and grass silages
• Proteinaceous
• Alfalfa and clover silage

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Energy Feeds

• Products with less than 20 CP and 18 CF (or
  less than 35 cell wall)
• Even when ensiledclassified as energy feeds
• Grain, mill byproducts, fruit, nuts, roots,
  tubers
• Carbonaceous
• Cereal grainscorn, oats, barley, rye, wheat
• SorghumMilo
• Byproduct feedsbran, middlings, cobs, molasses

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Protein supplements

• Products containing 20 or more protein
• Includes ensiled products and oil meals
• Vegetable Origin
• Soybean meal (SBM)
• Flaxseed or Linseed meal
• Cottonseed meal
• Peanut meal
• Corn gluten meal
• Brewers dried grains

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Protein supplements

• Products containing 20 or more protein
• Animal Origin
• Animal Tissue
• Tankage
• Meat scraps
• Blood meal
• Meat meal

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Protein supplements

• Products containing 20 or more protein
• Animal Origin
• Fish products
• Fish meal
• Fish solubles
• Milk Products
• Dried skim milk
• Dried whey
• Condensed butter milk

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Mineral Supplements

• Bone meal
• Calcium carbonate
• Limestone
• Dicalcium phosphate

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Vitamin Supplements

• Ensiled yeast
• Wheat germ oil
• Fish oil
• Carotene

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Additives

• Feed supplements such as antibiotics, coloring
  materials, flavors, hormones, etc.
• Aluminum sulfate (antigelling agent for molasses)
• Monosodium glutamate (seasoning)
• Titanium dioxide (color additive)

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International Feed Number

• Six digit number
• Link chemical and biological data with feed names
• Starts with Feed Class Number to indicate the
  class the feedstuff belongs

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Composition of Feeds

• Table listing proximate analysis and general
  nutrient composition of nearly 300 important U.S.
  and Canadian feeds
• Analytical data is expressed in metric system and
  shown on as-fed and DM basis
• May see (---) which means composition values are
  not available or the ingredient contains
  insignificant concentrations of that nutrient
• Data complied from Feed Composition Data Bank of
  the USDA National Agriculture Library,
  Beltsville, MD

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Using Feed Composition Tables

• Feed names are arranges alphabetically by feed
  classes within origin
• Exception names are listed in order of ascending
  stage of maturity
• Hay, sun cured, midbloom BEFORE hay, sun cured,
  late bloom
• Animal products begin with the animal name
• e.g.
• cattle, milk NOT milk, cattle
• soybean, oil NOT oil, soybean

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Characteristics of Common Concentrate Feedstuffs
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Carbonaceous Concentrates

• High energy feeds
• Mostly grains and their byproducts
• Contain less than 20 protein and less than 18
  fiber

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Carbonaceous Concentrates

• General nutritive characteristics
• High in energy (TDN or NE)
• Low in fiber
• Low in protein
• Protein quality is variable and generally quite
  low
• Mineral level
• Fair in P and low in Ca
• Vitamin levels
• Low in Vit D, A, riboflavin, B12, pantothenic
  acids
• Fair in Vit E
• High in thiamine, niacin (not to monogastrics)

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Carbonaceous Concentrates

• Corn
• Oats
• Sorghum (milo)
• Barley
• Dried Beet Pulp
• Molasses

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Proteinaceous Concentrates

• Characteristics
• Contain 20 or more crude protein
• Sources
• Non-protein nitrogen (ruminants only)
• Urea
• Plant origin
• Soybeans, cottonseed, linseed (flax), canola meal

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Feed Grain Byproducts

• Secondary products produced in addition to the
  principle product of plant processing or
  industrial processing
• Corn milling
• Distillation processes
• Wheat and oat processing

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Roughage Feedstuffs

• General characteristics
• Low in energy
• Contain more than 18 CF
• Includes pasture, hay, and silage
• Higher in fiber and generally lower in energy
  when compared to concentrates
• Need for bulk in ruminant diets

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Roughage Feedstuffs

• General characteristics
• Higher in Ca and TM than most concentrates
• Better source of fat soluble vitamins
• Legumes higher in protein and B vitamins than
  some concentrates
• Palatable to ruminants

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Roughage Feedstuffs

• General characteristics
• Excluded in monogastric diets
• Required in lactating dairy cattle diets to
  maintain normal fat levels in milk
• More variable in nutrient content and
  acceptability due to variation in stage of
  maturity and harvesting and storing procedures

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Roughage Feedstuffs

• 2 categories
• 1. Proteinaceous roughages contain more than
  10 CP
• Legumesalfalfa, clover, birdsfoot trefoil
• 2. Carbonaceous roughages contain less than
  10 CP
• Nonlegume forages (grasses)
• Silages
• Stover
• Stalks
• Straws
• Hulls