Title: Lecture 3 Fundamentals
1Lecture 3 - Fundamentals
- September 6, 2002
- CVEN 444
2Lecture Goals
- Advantages and disadvantages of concrete
structures - Design Process
- Limit states
- Design Philosophy
- Loading
3Advantages of Concrete Structures
- Economical
- Thinner floor systems Reduced Building
Height Lower wind loads (lt A)
Saving in Cladding - Materials widely available
4Advantages of Concrete Structures
- Suitability of material for architectural and
structural function - Concrete place in plastic condition - desired
shape texture can be obtained with forms and
finishing techniques - Designer can choose shape and size
5Advantages of Concrete Structures
- Fire Resistance
- Concrete building have 1-3 hour fire rating with
no fire proofing (steel and timber require
fireproofing to obtain this rating) - Rigidity
- Greater stiffness mass reduces oscillations
(wind), floor vibrations (walking)
6Advantages of Concrete Structures
- Low Maintenance
- Availability of Materials
- Sand, gravel, cement, H20 concrete mixing
facilities widely available - Reinforcement - easy to transport as compared
to structural steel
7Disadvantages of Concrete Structures
- Low tensile strength - 0.1 fc
cracking if not properly reinforced
8Disadvantages of Concrete Structures
- Forms and Shoring (additional steps)
- Construction of forms
- Removal of forms
- Prepping (or shoring) the new concrete to support
weight until strength is adequate. - Labor/Materials cost not required for other types
of materials
9Disadvantages of Concrete Structures
- Strength per unit volume is relatively low.
- fc (5-10 of steel)
- greater volume required
- long spans typical built with steel
10Disadvantages of Concrete Structures
- Time-dependent volume changes
- Concrete steel undergo similar expansion and
contraction. - Concrete undergoes drying shrinkage, which may
cause deflections and cracking. - Creep of concrete under sustained loads causes an
increase in deflection with time.
11Design Process
- Phase 1 Definition of clients needs and
priorities. - Functional requirements
- Aesthetic requirements
- Budgetary requirements
12Design Process
- Phase 2 Development of project concept
- Develop possible layouts
- Approximate analysis preliminary members
sizes/cost for each arrangement
13Design Process
- Phase 2 Development of project concept
- Selection most desirable structural system
- Appropriateness
- Economical/Cost
- Maintainability
14Design Process
- Phase 3 Design of individual system
- Structural analysis (based on preliminary design)
- Moments
- Shear forces
- Axial forces
15Design Process
- Phase 3 Design of individual system(cont.)
- Member design
- Prepare construction days and specifications.
- Proportion members to resist forces
- aesthetics
- constructability
- maintainability
16Limit States and Design
- Limit State
- Condition in which a structure or structural
element is no longer acceptable for its intended
use. - Major groups for RC structural limit states
- Ultimate
- Serviceability
- Special
17Ultimate Limit State
- Ultimate limit state
- structural collapse of all or part of the
structure ( very low probability of occurrence)
and loss of life can occur. - Loss of equilibrium of a part or all of a
structure as a rigid body (tipping, sliding of
structure).
18Ultimate Limit States
- Ultimate limit state
- Rupture of critical components causing partial or
complete collapse. (flexural, shear failure).
19Ultimate Limit States
- Progressive Collapse
- Minor local failure overloads causing adjacent
members to failure entire structure collapses. - Structural integrity is provided by tying the
structure together with correct detailing of
reinforcement provides alternative load paths in
case of localized failure
20Ultimate Limit States
- Formation of a plastic mechanism - yielding of
reinforced forms plastic hinges at enough
sections to make structure unstable. - Instability cased by deformations of structure
causing buckling of members. - Fatigue - members can fracture under repeated
stress cycles of service loads (may cause
collapse).
21Serviceability Limit States
- Functional use of structure is disrupted, but
collapse is not expected - More often tolerated than an an ultimate limit
state since less danger of loss of life. - Excessive crack width leakage
corrosion of reinforcement gradual
deterioration of structure.
22Serviceability Limit States
- More often tolerated than an an ultimate limit
state since less danger of loss of life. - Excessive deflections for normal service caused
by possible effects - malfunction of machinery
- visually unacceptable
23Serviceability Limit States
- More often tolerated than an an ultimate limit
state since less danger of loss of life. - Excessive deflections for normal service caused
by possible effects - damage of nonstructural elements
- changes in force distributions
- ponding on roofs collapse of roof
24Serviceability Limit States
- More often tolerated than an an ultimate limit
state since less danger of loss of life. - Undesirable vibrations
- vertical floors/ bridges
- lateral/torsional tall buildings
- Change in the loading
25Special Limit States
- Damage/failure caused by abnormal conditions or
loading. - Extreme earthquakes damage/collapse
- Floods damage/collapse
26Special Limit States
- Damage/failure caused by abnormal conditions or
loading. - Effects of fire,explosions, or vehicular
collisions. - Effects of corrosion, deterioration
- Long-term physical or chemical instability
27Limit States Design
- Identify all potential modes of failure.
- Determine acceptable safety levels for normal
structures building codes load
combination/factors.
28Limit States Design
- Consider the significant limits states.
- Members are designed for ultimate limit states
- Serviceability is checked.
- Exceptions may include
- water tanks (crack width)
- monorails (deflection)
29ACI Building Codes
Whenever two different materials , such as steel
and concrete, acting together, it is
understandable that the analysis for strength of
a reinforced concrete member has to be partial
empirical although rational. These semi-rational
principles and methods are being constant revised
and improved as a result of theoretical and
experimental research accumulate. The American
Concrete Institute (ACI), serves as clearing
house for these changes, issues building code
requirements.
30Design Philosophy
- Two philosophies of design have long prevalent.
- Working stress method focuses on conditions
at service loads. - Strength of design method focusing on
conditions at loads greater than the service
loads when failure may be imminent. - The strength design method is deemed conceptually
more realistic to establish structural safety.
31Strength Design Method
In the strength method, the service loads are
increased sufficiently by factors to obtain the
load at which failure is considered to be
imminent. This load is called the factored
load or factored service load.
32Strength Design Method
Strength provide is computed in accordance with
rules and assumptions of behavior prescribed by
the building code and the strength required is
obtained by performing a structural analysis
using factored loads. The strength provided has
commonly referred to as ultimate strength.
However, it is a code defined value for strength
and not necessarily ultimate. The ACI Code
uses a conservative definition of strength.
33Safety Provisions
Structures and structural members must always be
designed to carry some reserve load above what is
expected under normal use.
34Safety Provisions
There are three main reasons why some sort of
safety factor are necessary in structural
design. 1 Variability in resistance. 2
Variability in loading. 3 Consequences of
failure.
35Variability in Resistance
- Variability of the strengths of concrete and
reinforcement. - Differences between the as-built dimensions and
those found in structural drawings. - Effects of simplification made in the derivation
of the members resistance.
36Variability in Resistance
Comparison of measured and computed failure
moments based on all data for reinforced concrete
beams with fc gt 2000 psi.
37Variability in Loading
Frequency distribution of sustained component of
live loads in offices.
38Consequences of Failure
A number of subjective factors must be considered
in determining an acceptable level of safety.
- Potential loss of life.
- Cost of clearing the debris and replacement of
the structure and its contents. - Cost to society.
- Type of failure warning of failure, existence of
alternative load paths.
39Margin of Safety
The distributions of the resistance and the
loading are used to get a probability of failure
of the structure.
40Margin of Safety
The term Y R - S is called the safety margin.
The probability of failure is defined as and
the safety index is
41Loading
- SPECIFICATIONS
- Cities in the U.S. generally base their building
code on one of the three model codes - Uniform Building Code
- Basic Building Code (BOCA)
- Standard Building Code
42Loading
These codes have been consolidated in the 2000
International Building Code. Loadings in these
codes are mainly based on ASCE Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE
7-95) has been updated to ASCE 7-98.
43 Dead Loading
- Weight of all permanent construction
- Constant magnitude and fixed location
44Dead Loads
- Examples
- Weight of the Structure
- (Walls, Floors, Roofs, Ceilings, Stairways)
- Fixed Service Equipment
- (HVAC, Piping Weights, Cable Tray, Etc.)
- Can Be Uncertain.
- pavement thickness
- earth fill over underground structure
45Live Loads
- Loads produced by use and occupancy of the
structure. - Maximum loads likely to be produced by the
intended use. - Not less than the minimum uniformly distributed
load given by Code.
46Live Loads
See Table 2-1 from ASCE 7-95 Stairs and
exitways 100 psf Storage warehouses 125 psf
(light) 250 psf (heavy) Minimum
concentrated loads are also given in the codes.
47Live Loads
48Live Loads
ASCE 7-95 allows reduced live loads for members
with influence area (AI) of 400 sq. ft. or
more where Lo ? 0.50 Lo for members
supporting one floor ?
0.40 Lo otherwise
49Live Loads
AI determined by raising member to be designed
by a unit amount. Portion of loaded area that is
raised AI Beam AI 2 tributary
area Column AI 4 tributary area Two-Way
Slab AI panel area
(see Fig. 2-10, text)
50Load Reduction
51Environmental Loads
- Snow Loads
- Earthquake
- Wind
- Soil Pressure
- Ponding of Rainwater
- Temperature Differentials
52Classification of Buildings for Wind, Snow and
Earthquake Loads
Based on Use Categories (I through IV)
Buildings and other structures that represent a
low hazard to human life in the event of a
failure (such as agricultural facilities) Buildin
gs/structures not in categories I, III, and IV
I II
53Classification of Buildings for Wind, Snow and
Earthquake Loads
Based on Use Categories (I through IV)
Buildings/structures that represent a substantial
hazard to human life in the event of a failure
(assembly halls, schools, colleges, jails,
buildings containing toxic/explosive
substances)
III
54Classification of Buildings for Wind, Snow and
Earthquake Loads
Based on Use Categories (I through IV)
Buildings/structures designated essential
facilities (hospitals, fire and police stations,
communication centers, power-generating stations)
IV
55Snow Loads
The coefficients of snow loads are defined in
weight.
56Snow Loads
- Ground Snow Loads (Map in Fig. 6, ASCE 7)
- Based on historical data (not always the maximum
values) - Basic equation in codes is for flat roof snow
loads - Additional equations for drifting effects, sloped
roofs, etc. - Use ACI live load factor
- No LL reduction factor allowed
57Wind Loads
- Wind pressure is proportional to velocity squared
(v2 ) - Wind velocity pressure qz
58Wind Loads
where 0.00256 reflects mass density of air and
unit conversions. V Basic 3-second gust wind
speed (mph) at a height of 33 ft. above the
ground in open terrain. (150 chance of
exceedance in 1 year) Kz Exposure
coefficient (bldg. ht., roughness of terrain) kzt
Coefficient accounting for wind speed up over
hills I Importance factor
59Wind Loads
Design wind pressure, p qz G Cp G Gust
Response Factor Cp External pressure
coefficients (accounts for pressure directions
on building)
60Earthquake Loads
- Inertia forces caused by earthquake motion
-
- F m a
- Distribution of forces can be found using
equivalent static force procedure (code, not
allowed for every building) or using dynamic
analysis procedures
61Earthquake Loads
Inertia forces caused by earthquake motion.
Equivalent Static Force Procedure for example, in
ASCE 7-95 V Cs W where V Total lateral
base shear Cs Seismic response
coefficient W Total dead load
62Earthquake Loads
Total Dead Load, W 1.0 Dead Load 0.25
Storage Loads larger of partition loads or 10
psf Weight of permanent equipment contents
of vessels 20 or more of snow load
63Earthquake Loads
where Cv Seismic coefficient based on soil
profile and Av Ca Seismic coefficient based on
soil profiled and Aa R Response modification
factor (ability to deform in inelastic range) T
Fundamental period of the structure
64Earthquake Loads
where T Fundamental period of the
structure T CT hn 3/4 where CT 0.030 for
MRF of concrete 0.020 for other concrete
buildings. hn Building height
65Earthquake Map
66Roof Loads
- Ponding of rainwater
- Roof must be able to support all rainwater that
could accumulate in an area if primary drains
were blocked. - Ponding Failure
- ? Rain water ponds in area of maximum
deflection - ? increases deflection
- ? allows more accumulation of water ? cycle
continues? potential failure
67Roof Loads
- Roof loads are in addition to snow loads
- Minimum loads for workers and construction
materials during erection and repair
68Construction Loads
- Construction materials
- Weight of formwork supporting weight of fresh
concrete