Human Civilization

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Human Civilization

• Muslims contribution to Medicine Healthcare
• Mamdouh EL-Adl
• Consultant Psychiatrist
• mamdouh.eladl_at_nht.northants.nhs.uk

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Aim of presentation

• To bring to your attention 2 concepts
• Unity of the human race.
• Human Civilization is one continuum.

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Contents of Presentation

• Our parents the human race.
• The Human Civilization.
• Islam Civilization.
• Muslims Medicine.
• The future.

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Our Parents

• According to the 3 monotheistic religions, God
  created
• - The universe including the mankind.
• - Adam Eve (parents of the mankind).

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Let us read the books
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Adam Eve in the Bible

• In the beginning God created the heaven the
  earth Genesis Ch.1, verse 1
• And God said let us make man in our image
  Genesis Ch.1, verse 26
• And Adam, called his wifes name Eve because
  she was the mother of all living
• Genesis
  Ch.3, verse 20

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In the Noble Quran

• ??? ???? ?????? ??????
• ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????
  ????? ?????? ????????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????,
  ?? ???? ???? ????
• ???? ???????, ??? 13

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In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the
Most Merciful

• Human beings, we created you all from a male
  (Adam) a female (Eve, Hawaa), and made you into
  nations tribes so that you may know one
  another. Verily the noblest of you in the sight
  of Allah (God) is the most Godfearing of you.
  Surely God is All-knowing, All-Aware.
• Surah number 49 Al-Hujarat, Verse number 13

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In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the
Most Merciful

• O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who
  created you from a single person (Adam), and from
  him (Adam) He created his wife (Eve), and from
  them both He created many men and women fear
  Allah through Whom you demand your mutual
  (rights) and do not cut the relations of the
  wombs (Kinship). Surely, Allah is Ever an
  All-Watcher over you.
• Surat An-Nisa (The Women), Verse 1

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Hindu Religion

• Contrary to popular understanding, Hindus
  recognise one God (Brahman).
• Brahman is the eternal origin who is the creator
  and cause of all existence.
• Brahman who creates the universe.
• www.bbc.co.uk/religions/hinduism. Accessed on
  31.08.07

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Adam, Eve their Children
Brown
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Nations, cultures Civilizations

• Human beings differentiated over the decades
  into
• - Tribes nations.
• - Different cultures.
• - Different civilizations.
• But we need to remember
• - One creator
• - One parent.
• - One race.
• we share the same feelings sadness, happiness,
  joy, love, fear, worry, anxiety, .. Same hopes
  ambitions and
• same needs peace, love, respect, care and
  more.

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Civilization

• Civis Latin word for citizen or townsman.
• Being Civilised a citizen who is governed by
  his/her city, town or community.
• Civilisation is the opposite Barbarity
• Civilization refers to human society as a whole.
• Civilization is not only about advances in
  technology but Principles, Morals Ethics

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Each of us influences is influenced by the
other
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Race Racism

• A characteristic of human beings is to compare
  themselves to others.
• Why?
• - To enhance self esteem
• - To set boundaries
• Favazza A (2005) Contribution of the
  Sociocultural Sciences, in Comprehensive Textbook
  of Psychiatry edited by, 8th Edition, pp 598623

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Modern Racism

• Began in Spain (15th Century), where Christians
  were divided into old new.
• 1. Old Christians had purity of blood.
• 2. New Christians converted Jews.
• On biological grounds, Jews later Muslims, were
  declared incorrigibly inferior. They were
  excluded from mainstream Spanish society.
• Favazza A (2005) Contribution of the
  Sociocultural Sciences, in Comprehensive Textbook
  of Psychiatry edited by, 8th Edition, pp 598623

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In the New World

• Spanish conquerors brutalised enslaved the
  local populations to mine for gold. Their
  justification came from some theologians who
  declared that Indians lacked rationality
  morality and therefore were in Aristotelian terms
  Natural Slaves

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Paracelsus a famous Physician

• Indians were soulless, inferior beings because
  they had not descended from the Biblical Adam.

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Pope Paul III

• In 1537, Pope Paul III ruled out that
• The Indians are truly men
• However economic interests prevailed, the Papal
  declaration was ignored and harsh slavery
  continued for several hundred years.

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In 17th century, transatlantic slave trade was
developed with the following rationalisations
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A. Religious

• Blacks (many British referred to non-white
  persons as black) supposedly were cursed by God
  as descendents of Ham, an Old Testament biblical
  figure who saw his father naked.
• Favazza A (2005) Contribution of the
  Sociocultural Sciences, in Comprehensive Textbook
  of Psychiatry edited by, 8th Edition, pp 598623
  

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B. Philosophical

• Dave Hume only white persons are capable of
  creating civilized nations of producing
  ingenious manufacture, art science.
• John Locke (English Physician-Philosopher)
  supported the degeneracy theory the white
  European is the normal natural state of human
  beings other races developed through biological
  and psychological degeneration

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C. Scientific

• Scientists noted that
• White was the true colour of nature.
• Degenerative process found in non-whites.
• This degeneration might be reversed by exposure
  to European culture.
• Non-white were deemed to be psychologically
  flawed unable to rule themselves as
  demonstrated by the ease with which European
  colonialists subjugated vast areas of the east.
• As late as 1963, a British historian stated that,
  although black Africans have darkness, only
  European have history in Africa.

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In USA (19th Century)

• Samuel Morton (Professor of Anatomy) claimed
  that cranial capacity of skulls was unchanged for
  3000 years, was largest for whites, followed by
  Asians, native Americans Africans.
• Robert Bean (Professor of Anatomy at John Hopkins
  University,1906) confirmed this finding. He
  stated that Negroes have well developed lower
  mental faculties such as smell melody while
  whites have well developed higher faculties such
  as self-control reason.

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American Psychiatry

• Drapetomania a term coined by an American
  Psychiatrist to describe slaves cats who had
  irrestrainable propensity to run away from their
  masters.
• In 20th century, American Psychiatrists published
  articles in prestigious Journals demonstrating
  that lower rate of mental illness among slaves
  compared to free blacks i.e. slavery protected
  the mental health of blacks because of the
  supervision they received.
• A study in 1914 concluded that negro mind is
  irresponsible, unthinking, easily aroused to
  happiness and rarely experiences depression.
• Favazza A (2005) Contribution of the
  Sociocultural Sciences, in Comprehensive Textbook
  of Psychiatry edited by, 8th Edition, pp 598623
  

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USA

• The founding fathers of US wrote a constitution
  a bill of Rights proclaiming that all men were
  created equal have the right to pursue
  happiness. Yet slavery was common at the time in
  Northern Southern states.

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Healthy Cultures

• Healthy cultures have the capacity to change
  their social patterns in response to new ideas,
  desires and technologies.
• Change may come
• - Gradually especially when many of the
  perceived inferior group members come to believe
  that they are truly inferior.
• - Rapidly with forceful rebellion and civil war.
• Favazza A ( 2005) Contribution of the
  Sociocultural Sciences, in Comprehensive Textbook
  of Psychiatry edited by, 8th Edition, pp 598623
  

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The Islamic Era
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Muslims Contribution to Medicine

• Many if not all nations contributed to the
  development of the human civilization.
• We may or may not know about all the nations
  their contribution.
• No one nation can claim the credit.

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Islamic Values

• - Monotheism (one God)
• - Education and Literacy
• - Modesty and Chastity
• - Honesty, Humility, Trustworthiness.
• - Family as a basic unit of society
• - Consultation and Consensus
• - Purity of intent and action

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Islam Tolerance

• Freedom of choice is laid down by the Qur'an
  itself 'There is no compulsion in religion'.
  (2256)
• The human life and property of all citizens in
  the society are considered sacred whether a
  person is Muslim or not.
• All human beings are equal, no racism.

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Revealed Prophets

• - Noah
• - Abraham
• - Adam
• - Isaac
• - Ishmael
• - Moses
• - David

• - Solomon
• - Zacharias
• - Elisha
• - Elias
• - John the Baptist
• - Jesus
• - Mohammed

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Islamic Influences

• Astronomy
• discovered stars Algol Deneb, Betelgeuse,
  Rigel, Aldebaran
• compiled astronomical tables and almanacs
• established observatories
• translated Ptolemys Almagest
• Mathematics
• Arabic numerals
• Zero
• Algebra, algorithm
• Inventions
• quadrant and astrolabe

• Medicine
• first hospital Baghdad 706
• AP surgery
• emphasized empirical observation
• hygiene and pharmacology
• Universities
• Al-Zaytunah, Tunis 732
• Al-Azhar, Cairo 988
• Muslim Spain Granada, Seville, and Cordoba,
  9th c.
• Literature
• Religious Toleration

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Medieval Islamic Scientists

• Jaber Ibn Haiyan (Geber)alchemist/metallurgist
• died 803 A.D.
• Ibn Sina (Avicenna)physician/philosopher
• 981-1037 A.D.
• Ar-Razi (Rhazes)physician/ philosopher
• 864-930 A.D.

• Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahravi (Albucasis)surgeon/author
  
• 936-1013 A.D.
• Ibn Rushd (Averroes)physician/philosopher
• 1128-1198 A.D.
• Al-Khawarizmi (Algorizm)mathematician/
  astronomer
• 770-840 A.D.

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The Taj Mahal, Agra, India
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History of Medicine, why?

• The concept that medicine is exclusively the
  product of Western minds, remains unquestioned by
  most individuals.
• A review of any of the standard texts or
  encyclopedias regarding the history of medicine
  would support this view.

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History of Medicine

• Most texts give little or no mention of the
  advancements made by ancient Indian, Chinese,
  Persian or, particularly, Arab Muslim
  physicians.
• George Perkins (A British Surgeon) is considered
  the pioneer of what is called the Delayed
  Splintage Theory, while Avicenna (Ibn Sina) wrote
  about this theory in his book Al-Qanunn 1000 year
  before Perkins.

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History of Medicine

• George Sarton (1884-1956) was a Belgian-American
  historian of science.
• States that modern Western medicine did not
  originate from Europe and that it actually arose
  from the orients.

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Al-Razi is considered the first who described
what is called now Bakers cyst. Which is
attributed to the English surgeon William Baker
(1839-1896) who described it in 1877.
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The final page of a manuscript of al-Hawi by
al-Razi. It is the oldest manuscript kept in NLM,
and the third oldest Arabic medical manuscript
The final page of a manuscript of al-Hawi by
al-Razi. It is the oldest manuscript kept in NLM,
and the third oldest Arabic medical manuscript
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Treating Patients

• Muslims believed in finding remedies for disease
  rather than relying on prayer.
• As a result Islamic medicine was far more
  advanced than medicine in Europe.

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Other points to Remember

• Muslims believed that Hygiene was important for
  health.
• Charity caring for others was encouraged.
• Hospitals set up for sick people.
• Sick people even given money so they didnt have
  to beg or rush back to work.

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Medical Ethics

• Medical ethics regulating medical profession
  was given a high importance in the Islamic era.
• Islamic era was much different from its
  predecessors (e.g. Hamoraby, Ancient Greek)
• You will find similarity between the principles
  adopted in Islamic era our current time e.g. by
  the UK General Medical Council (GMC).

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Medical Responsibility (1)

• 1. Doctors responsibility.
• 2. Patients responsibility.
• Good Clinical Care
• - Doctors must recognise work within their
  professional competence.
• - Be competent when making diagnosis giving
  treatment.
• - Be willing to consult colleagues.
  (GMC-UK, 1998)

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Medical Responsibility (2)

• Iraq (Hamoraby Law, 1700 y before birth of C)
• - If a physician treats a seriously wounded man
  using a scalpel or treated an eye abscess and he
  recovered, the physician is to be paid 10
  Shawaqil of silver.
• - If the man dies or looses his eyesight, the
  physicians hand is to be amputated!
• Ancient Greek (Aesculapius) A physician who put
  a condition that if a man wanted to learn
  medicine, he must be from his own noble family or
  from a recognised rich family. They put a
  system for accountability a noble man to look
  into complaints against physicians.

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Medical Responsibility (3)

• Islamic era Prophet Mohameds Hadith
• A person who practiced medicine, without
  having the necessary knowledge skills, is
  liable.
• Ibn Al-Qayim (scholar) had classified physicians
  regarding medical responsibility into 5 types
  as a conclusion The physician is not deemed
  liable if he
• 1. Has the appropriate knowledge skills.
• 2. Intended aimed to do the patient good.
• 3. Adheres to the recognised accepted
  medical knowledge rules.
• 4. Has obtained consent of the patient or
  his next of ken if appropriate.
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  (Kaadan, Medicoethics, islamicmedicine.org, 2005)

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Medical Responsibility (4)

• With?numbers of practitioners in Muslim
  countries, a supervising system was developed
  (Al-Hisbah).
• The Chief of Physicians was responsible to
  (Al-Mohtasib).
• The Chief of physicians adopted strict rules in
  supervising the practitioners. These rules
  included not to prescribe a harmful medication,
  not to inform women of drugs that could be used
  to harm foetus, or men of drugs that could
  adversely affect fertility, to respect privacy
  and confidentiality of patient his family.
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  (Kaadan, Medicoethics, islamicmedicine.org, 2005)

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Medical Responsibility (5)

• Physicians had to undergo a test before having a
  permission to practice e.g.
• Alkahaloon (Ophthalmologists)
• To be examined in
• Honain Bin Ishaq book (10 articles about the
  anatomy and diseases of the eye).
• Drugs used for treating the eye.

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Ibn Sina (980-1037 A.D.) the Genius Boy Ibn
Sina's portrait is in the hall of the Faculty of
Medicine in Paris University of. He is known in
the West as Avicenna.
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Al-Zahravi is called the "father of
surgery"(963-1013 AD) .
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Hospitals (1)

• The development of efficient hospitals was an
  outstanding contribution of Islamic medicine.
• The hospitals served all citizens free of charge
  regardless their colour, religion, sex, age or
  social status.
• Hospitals had separate wards for male and female

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Hospitals (2)

• Teams qualified physicians, nurses, pharmacist,
  ...
• Baths and water supplies.
• Medical records.
• Medical Schools
• Extensive libraries were attached to the
  hospitals, containing most up-to-date books.
• -Tulum Hospital in Cairo in 872 CE had
  100,000 books. (Mustansiriyya University in
  Baghdad had 80,000 volumes. Cordova library had
  600,000 volumes Cairo had 2,000,000 and Tripoli
  3,000,000).

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SOME FAMOUS HOSPITALS

• Al-Nuri Hospital Damascus in 706
• Al-Fustat Hospital Cairo in 872
• Al-Salahani Hospital Jerusalem in 1055
• -Mansuri Hospital Cairo in 1248
• Al-Qayrawan Hospital Tunisia in 830
• Marakesh Hospital In 1190
• Granada Hospital Spain in 1366
• Delhi Hospitals in India

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• A man or a woman who has a ghost or a
  familiar spirit shall be put to death they
  shall be pelted with stones their blood guilt
  shall be upon them.
• Leviticus 2027

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The Future!
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Better understanding about each other, more
achievements more flowers
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Love Justice ? Peace
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Thank You