The Beginnings of Civilization

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The Beginnings of Civilization

• 3,700,000 to 587 B.C.

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Exploration of Prehistory
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Hominidswww.houseofcanes.com/ ordinfo.htm

• Key characteristic
• Walk upright

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Role of Artifactswww.texasbeyondhistory.net/
rubin/images/artif...

• Let us know more about ancient cultures
• Somewhat limited theories have formed to
  attempt to explain the past

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Lucywww.pbs.org/saf/ 1105/features/eureka3.htm

• Oldest human-like skeletal remains ever found
• 3-4 Million Years old
• Found in Africa
• Discovery has been questioned lately over the
  species of the find

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First Humanswww.sonoma.edu/.../
anclub/neanderfacts.html

• Characteristics
• Powerful jaw
• Receding chins
• Low foreheads
• Heavy eyebrows

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More First Humanswww.public.iastate.edu/
cfford/342ggsintro.htm

• Hunter/gatherers
• Nomadic
• Traveled in clans of 40-50
• Men hunted while women gathered nuts/berries/seeds

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Homo Sapienswww.fossils-as-art.com/
images/0200.jpg

• Appeared on the scene between 100,000 and 400,000
  years ago

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Ice Ageswww.salzburg.com/ freizeit/185_3920.htm

• Several over 1.7 million years
• Warm era that we live in today started about
  10,000 years ago coincides with last ice age

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First Homo Sapiens

• Neanderthals
• Appeared 35,000-130,000 years ago (Old Stone
  Age)
  
• Wore animal skins
• Used fire
• Buried their dead

• Cro-Magnons
• Appeared about 35,000 years ago
• Better tools
• Cave Art
• Textbook
• History lessons
• Religious

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Three Stone Ages

• Old
• Middle
• New

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Old Stone Agewww.chennaimuseum.org/.../
02/05/prehist.htm

• Very crude tools
• Stones used to throw at animals

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Middle Stone Age www.dungarvanmuseum.org/
index.cgi?art_id5pa...

• Mesolithic Age
• 10,000 to 5,500 years ago
• Not only use stones but bones
• Bows and arrows
• Fish hooks
• Harpoons

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New Stone Agewww.turizm.net/turkey/
history/neolithic.html

• Neolithic Age
• Development of Agriculture
• Domestication of animals/plants for food

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Characteristics of the Evolution of Civilization
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Agriculture to Surplus Production

• People began to grow more food than they would
  need allowed people to do things other than
  farming

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Establishment of Towns/Cities
www.turizm.net/turkey/ history/neolithic.html

• With surplus populations could grow
• Families now could be larger

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Division of Laborwww.jupiter.fl.us/.../
BuildingSafety.htm

• In towns/cities people could specialize in one
  job or another

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Evolution of Civilization

• Lesser Characteristics

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Calendarwww.hcc-nd.edu/images/
Calendars-Oct03.gif

• Needed to track seasons for planting/harvesting
  and migrations (if needed)

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Form of Writingmrspock.marion.ohio-state.edu/.../
cuneiform.htm

• Needed for communication
• Early forms were cumbersome with too many symbols
  became better as time past
  

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Development of Metal Ages
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Bronze Agedomino.kappa.ro/.../
ist_ilustrata/file/4.jpg

• Developed as an alloy of copper and tin
• Easily made into tools
• Weakness not strong enough

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Iron Agewww.hants.gov.uk/museum/
ironagem/reception.html

• Iron was smelted (melted) from iron ore
• Much stronger than bronze
• Gave those who possessed iron weapons a huge
  advantage over those who did not

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Early Civilizations
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Egyptians
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Egypt Role of the Nile

• Civilization found upon the Nile River Valley
• Nile River is the longest river flowing north in
  the World

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Nile River

• Flows northward divided into two parts
• Upper Egypt (South)
• Lower Egypt (North)
• Originates at Lake Victoria
• Cataracts
• Surrounded by two deserts
• Flows into delta then into the Mediterranean

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Nile River Lifeblood of Egyptwww.wwnorton.com/.
../ nawol/maps/MAP3EGYP.JPG

• Nile River floods yearly leaving silt in valleys
  adjacent to River provide fertile soil
  
• Flooding Villages
• swept away

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Egypt moves toward Civilizationastro.temple.edu/
rguay/rosetta20stone.jpg

• 3000 B.C. Hieroglyphics developed
• Language artists have been able to translate the
  Hieroglyphics with use of the Rosetta Stone

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Egyptian Kingdoms
32
Menesmembers.tripodnet.nl/ ancientegypt/history.h
tml

• Unites Upper (southern) and Lower (northern)
  Egypt in 3200 B.C.
  
• Begins the first of 30 dynasties of Egypt

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Old Kingdom

• 2680 B.C. to 2180 B. C.

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Achievements in Arts and Sciencewww.astro.utoront
o.ca/ yao/egypt1999/sphinx.gif

• The Great Sphinx

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The Old Kingdom

• Class society
• Lower Peasants and Farmers
• Upper Pharaoh, the Royal Family, Priests,
  Scribes, and Government Officials
  
• At end of dynasty the pharaohs became weaker and
  the nobles grew stronger
  
• Revolutions began probably because of famine and
  lack of food

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First Intermediate Period

• Lasted from 2180 B.C. to 2050 B.C.
• Time period marked by many civil wars
• Period ends as new line of pharaoh comes to power

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The Middle Kingdom

• 2050 B.C. to 1650 B.C.

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Middle Kingdom

• Considered the golden age of Egypt
• Noble and Priests begin to challenge the power of
  the Pharaoh led to instability
  
• Period also marked by invasions of Hyksos
• Disputes arise over how devastating the Hyksos
  invasion was on the Egyptians
  
• Hyksos did bring in new tools of warfare the
  chariot and compound bow

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Second Intermediate Period

• Begins as Hyksos gain control of all of Egypt
  probably because of the weakness of Egypt
  
• Period ends as new line of rulers come to power

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The New Kingdom

• 1570 B.C. to 1080 B.C.

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New Kingdom

• Kingdom centered around their capital, Thebes
• Drove the Hyksos out of Egypt with use of a
  strong army
  
• Begin to build an empire
• The strongest of the rulers were.

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Hatshepsutwww.antropos.galeon.com/
html/FARAON.htm

• First female to ever hold the title of Pharoah
• Technically co-ruler with her son
• Kept empires boundaries secure and built trade

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Thutmose IIIwww.fruitofthenile.com/ tuthiii.htm

• Stepson of Hatshepsut
• Continued trend of mother
• Expanded Egypts territory to its largest extent
  until his death in 1450 B.C.

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Amenhotep IVnefertiti.iwebland.com/
portraiture/18d/amenho...

• First monotheistical leader of Eygpt
• Believed in the sun god, Aton
• Changed name to Akhenaton
• After his death, Egypt returns to polytheism

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Ramses II (the Great)forums.tactical-ops.de/
showthread.php?t59060

• Ruled from 1279 B.C. to 1215 B.C.
• Great Builder
• Considered to be the pharoah at the time of the
  Exodus
  
• Later pharoahs were weak

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Egyptian Achievements
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Arts and Architectureforum.paradoxplaza.com/
forum/showthread.php?g...

• Pyramids close to perfect symmetry
• Used as tombs for the pharoahs

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Science, Math, and Medicine

• Devised a 365 day calendar
• Used numbering system based on 10
• Used herbs for medicinal purpose
• Mummification preservation of dead

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Peoples of the Fertile Crescent
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Fertile Crescentxenohistorian.faithweb.com/
worldhis/Hist02.html

• Situated along the Tigris-Euphrates River
  valleys
  
• Much like Egypt in that it needed rivers to flood
  for irrigation
  
• Rivers begin in mountains of Turkey and flow into
  the Persian Gulf

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Sumerians

• Located in Sumer
• Cuneiform
• Architecture
• Arch
• Class system
• Gods were forces of nature and heavenly bodies

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Akkadianswww.utexas.edu/courses/
clubmed/sargon.jpg

• Major leader was Sargon
• 2334 B.C. to 2279 B.C
• Akkadian empire lasted 150 years

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Babylonianswww.globalsecurity.org/.../
images/hammurabi.jpg

• Greatest Leader Hammurabi
• Code of Hammurabi
• Rule from 1792 B.C.to
• Much like the Sumerians in many ways

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thales.cica.es/.../ HisArtLit/01/hammurabi.jpg
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Hittitesnefertiti.iwebland.com/ hittites.jpg

• Warlike
• Among first peoples to smelt iron
• Were from Asia Minor
• Invaded Babylonian area around 1600 B.C.

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www.sarissa.org/ images/hittites_reg.jpg
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Assyriansmembers.shaw.ca/ scud/assyrians.jpg

• Warrior like
• First people to use chariots and cavalry in
  battle
  
• First to effectively rule a large empire
• Capital was Nineveh

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www.bible-history.com/ people/assyrians/map_as...
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Chaldeanswww.cts.edu/.../Images/
oldtest/TissNebu.jpg

• Greatest leader was Nebuchadnezzar
• Hanging Gardens of Babylon
• Biblical story
• Skilled astrologers
• Calculated the length of a year
• Defeated by the Persians

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www.faculty.fairfield.edu/ jmac/rs/7hanging.gif
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Persians

• Greatest leaders
• Medes
• Cyrus
• Darius
• Xerxes
• Kept large empire
• Built extensive road system
• Religious beliefs
• Persian army defeated by Alexander the Great
  (Macedonian)