Title: The Foundation of the Curriculum
1Rituals and Routines of the Disciplinary
Literacy Pattern
- The Foundation of the Curriculum
- Danielle Harris
- August 13, 2008
2.
3WELCOME
- Please write your name and your school on your
name tent - Take a moment to introduce (or reintroduce)
yourselves to the rest of the members of your
table so that we can work as a community of
learners today.
4Goals for this Session
- Review each section of the Disciplinary Literacy
Pattern - Engage in a series of lessons using the DL
Pattern to identify - How each of the sections of the pattern provide
varying levels of support and build on each other - The different learning goals addressed by each of
the sections of the pattern - How scaffolded tasks open up the text and how
use of a difficult text can extend readers range
and depth - Reflect on instruction
- Discuss the roles of teachers and students within
the pattern - Share some experiences with the pattern
- Consider challenges and benefits
5Instructional Design of DL Units
- Reading, writing, thinking, and talking are
interrelated - processes
- Rereading and rewriting/revising are fundamental
- Language use and language choices, including
- grammatical choices, need to be explicitly
highlighted - and discussed
- Scaffolding and formative assessment are built
into the - lessons to support all learners, including
English - learners, and those acquiring academic literacy
skills - Questions are a central scaffold
- Discussion is an essential part of rigorous and
relevant - intellectual work
- Learning as apprenticeship invites students to
act and - be treated as members of a community of practice
- Getting Smarter is a social process, a
byproduct of - shared experiences, discussion, and reflection
6Core Principles of the DL Pattern
- Students learn core concepts and habits of
thinking within each discipline as defined by
standards. - Learning activities, curricula, tasks, text, and
talk apprentice students within the discipline. - Teachers apprentice students by giving them
opportunities to engage in rigorous disciplinary
activity and providing scaffolding through
inquiry, direct instruction, models, and
coaching. - Intelligence is socialized through community,
class learning culture and instructional
routines. - Instruction is assessment-driven.
7The DL Pattern
- The ELA Core Curriculum Units across Grades 6-12
share a common, consistent, repeated pattern of
instruction. - Frequently during this pattern a Step Back
and/or Retrospective occurs to encourage
students to either examine, metacognitively, the
learning that has occurred, or to tie it
retrospectively to previous learning.
8DL Patterned Way of Reading, Writing, and Talking
- Read to get the gist
- Reread to find significant moments
- Read again to interpret
- the ideas in the text
- Read again differently to analyze the authors
methods
- Write to learn know, express, and track
thinking - Write to learn select and explain ideas reflect
on writing and thinking - Write and talk to develop interpretation of ideas
- WriteLike - Write like the text and in imitation
of an authors syntax and grammatical structures
Write and Talk to demonstrate understanding of
ideas and genre.
9Read to Get the GistComprehension level work
- Students read for comprehension or gist
- Students write in response to open-ended
comprehension questions first individually in
their Readers/Writers Notebooks - Students pair/trio share their thinking
- Then there is a whole group discussion with the
teacher charting responses - The chart becomes an artifact of the learning and
a scaffold for further work with the text.
10Reread for SignificanceInterpretive/Inferential
Work
- Students reread/scan all or part of the text in
order to pull lines that are of particular
significance. - Significance is sometimes determined by the
students by the impact the text had on him/her,
or by the teacher to focus on a particular
literary element or aspect of the authors craft. - Students write the line and an explanation of its
significance on a T-chart in their R/W Notebooks. - Students then share with a partner or small gorup
before participating in whole class discussion - This work should also be charted and used later
as an artifact - This is interpretive/inferential work where
connections are made within and between texts as
well as to prior knowledge.
11Read Again to Interpret Ideas in the Text
- Students here are given an open-ended writing
prompt. This is referred to as a Write About. - At this point, rereading may simply be
returning to the text to find support for ones
claims. - Students write to make and support claims for
use in the Inquiry-Based Discussion which
follows. - The progression here from individual and paired
work moves to a more defined discussion model
within protocols set by the class to assure
accountability.
12Read Again to Analyze the Authors Methods
- Students look at the text again for a new
purpose. This time, they are analyzing a
particular aspect of the writers
craft/technique. - This may include stylistic, grammatical, or
structural nuances. - Students may be asked to pull lines that
exemplify the writers use of this technique and
then critically evaluate the effect on the reader
and text. - Students at this stage are often asked to use, or
mimic the authors use of the technique in a
writing exercise of their own referred to as a
Write Like.
13Assessments
- Formative Assessment (which informs our
understanding of where students are and what we
need to do next with them, individually or in
small/whole group) occurs at all stages in the
pattern. - Over the shoulder observations of skills,
deficits, interests, and approaches/patterns as
the teacher circulates through independent and
pair share activities - Through careful listening of what students say
during group discussions - By reading their writing in the Reader/Writer
Notebooks and more formal writing pieces - In addition, 4Sight and Core Curriculum
Benchmarks also provide formative assessment
4Sight using the measure of end of the year
competencies on PSSA Core Curriculum Benchmarks
on the Eligible Content covered in a given
section of the Core Curriculum. - This information should be used to guide the
teacher in her use/addition of scaffolds, models,
additional practice, additional teacher support,
and extended learning opportunities
14Assessments
- Summative Assessments, which measure student
gains at the end of a given arc of instruction
include - Culminating Projects that complete each unit
- Final drafts of writing assignments
- Selection assessments
15Model Lesson Using the DL Pattern
- The Narrative Perspectives on
- Relationships
- Study an Excerpt from
- Bone Black by Bell Hooks
16- Chart
- Characteristics of a
Narrative - What do you already know about narrative?
17- Turn and Talk
- Turn to a colleague and briefly discuss the
following - What makes a narrative interesting to readers?
- Again, cite examples when possible. Take notes to
help you in the whole group discussion
18- Chart
- What Makes a Narrative Interesting to
- Readers?
19Bell Hooks Preface to Bone Black
-
- As a girl growing up in a family that includes
five sisters, I am - amazed that our experiences were often incredibly
different - even though we were in the same household. Our
memories - reflect those differences.
- Bone Black, Memories of Girlhood is my story.
An - unconventional memoir, it draws together the
experiences, - dreams, and fantasies that most preoccupied me as
a girl. I - share my secret world--the various names I
created, for - example (calling my grandmother Saru in my
imagination - because it was better than her real name, Sarah.)
20Bell Hooks Preface to Bone Black
- This is autobiography as truth and myth--as
poetic witness. - That rebellious writer of the Beat generation
Jack Kerouac - always declared memories are inseparable from
dreams. In - Bone Black, I gather together the dreams,
fantasies, - experiences that preoccupied me as a girl, that
stay with me in - all my work. Without telling everything that
happened, they - document all that remains most vivid.
- hooks, b. (1996). Bone Black Memories of
Girlhood. Henry Holt and Co. New York. xi-xv,
foreword
21- Read to Get the Gist
- Excerpt from Bone Black by Bell Hooks
- Follow along as I read the excerpt from Bone
Black by Bell Hooks. I will stop at a few points
in the story and ask the following questions - What is happening here?
- Who are the characters?
- What do you know about them? How do you know?
22- Second Reading
- Reread for Significance
- Same excerpt of Bone Black by Bell Hooks
23- Reread for
Significance - Reread through the selection again to
individually identify two - moments/sentences/phrases that strike you as most
significant - to the text.
- Make a two-column note chart in your
Reader's/Writer's - Notebook to record the moments/sentences/phrases
you - selected. Write the significant moments in the
left column of - your chart. Then, across from each, do a Quick
Write to explain - the significance of each moment to Hooks
narrative. - When you are finished, share your significant
moments with - another person by explaining why these are the
most - significant. Be prepared to share your moments
and - explanations with the whole group.
24- Model of the Significant Moment and
- Explanation
- Significant Moment Explanation
- It is my turn to iron. I can
These two sentences, - do nothing right.
positioned at the beginning of -
paragraph three are the first time - that bell hooks uses I rather than
- we. There is a noticeable shift in
- the narrative from family
actions and - emotions to how hooks feels as an
- individual about herself
25- StepBack
- How did identifying and explaining the
significant moments further your understanding of
the narrative? - What did you learn from sharing and explaining
your significant moments with a colleague?
26- Third Reading
- Reread Again, WriteAbout, and
- Engage in an Inquiry-based
- Discussion
- Develop Your Interpretation of the Narrative
27- Inquiry-based Discussion
- In an inquiry-based discussion, readers discuss
their responses - to an interpretive question about a text(s). An
interpretive - question stems from a genuine inquiry about a
text, is thought - provoking, and can sustain multiple and varied
responses - supported by textual evidence.
- The purposes of the discussion are to help
readers to - try out their answers and explanations
anchored with specific - moments from the text
- accept alternative views/interpretations of the
same text (not - about reaching consensus or proclaiming a
winner) - rethink what they think about the text and
- understand that readers can have different
valid interpretations of the same text.
28- Start of Inquiry-based Discussion
- Reread/Review the chapter
- Then, in your Readers/Writers Notebook,
individually write a response to this question
(about 3 minutes) - Why does Bell Hooks burn herself?
- Then, discuss your ideas with a partner.
- Be prepared to share your ideas with the whole
group.
29- Whole Group Inquiry-based Discussion
- Why does Bell Hooks burn herself?
- Cite your written response in our discussion.
- Listen for different interpretations of our
question.
30- Wrap up Inquiry-based Discussion
- Take a minute to add any new information or
modifications to your response. Then, please
answer the following questions - As a result of our discussion, did your
response change? If so, how? - What are your lingering questions about Bell
Hooks chapter and why are they unresolved?
31- StepBack Reflect on Inquiry-based
Discussion - 1. What did you learn about the texts meaning?
- 2. Task, Text, and Talk
- What do you see as the relationship among the
- task (Quick Write on the guiding question) the
- text (the chapter from Bone Black) and the talk
- (the discussion you had with your colleagues
- and with the whole group)?
- How did the text, task, and talk work together
to - promote this level of discussion?
- 3. What did you learn about participating in an
inquiry based discussion?
32- Analyzing the Design of the
Inquiry-based - Discussion
- What did you notice?
- What intended learning did each support?
- Selection of the text
- Choice and development of questions
- Role of the facilitator
- Routines moving impetus for talk from teacher
to - students (talk stems, wait time, physical space,
etc.) - Activities to support talk (writing before,
partner work, - wait time, etc.)
33- Fourth Reading
- Examining the Authors Craft
- Deepen our understanding of what makes a
narrative interesting to readers
34- Adding to Chart
- What Makes a Narrative Interesting to Readers?
- What did Bell Hooks do in this chapter that made
you want to keep reading? - What do we add to our chart, What makes a
narrative interesting to readers?
35- Questions, Comments, Concerns?
- Have a great year!
36 The Core Curriculum Embedded Vocabulary
Revisions Janine Fiorina Cody
- District In-Service
- August 2008
37.
38Todays Objectives
- Examine the rationale behind the new vocabulary
work in the revised units - Practice instructional strategies for Rich
Vocabulary Instruction - Reflect upon the implications for our practice in
the classroom in the upcoming school year
39The Vocabulary Reading Proficiency
ConnectionWhat weve been aware of for years
- First-grade children from higher-SES groups knew
about twice as many words as lower SES children
(Graves, Brunetti, Slater, 1982 Graves
Slater, 1987). - High school seniors near the top of their class
knew about four times as many words as their
lower-performing classmates (Smith, 1941). - High-knowledge third graders had vocabularies
about equal to lowest-performing 12th graders
(Smith 1941).
40Walking in Their Shoes
- Most readers are able to tolerate a certain
number of unknown words and still make meaning
using context. For example - Alana and Toya arrived at the party at 700.
Alana talked to everyone and danced for hours,
but the evening dragged for Toya who spent most
of her time sitting alone. I wish I was as
gregarious as Alana, she thought.
41Walking in Their Shoes
- But sometimes context is not enough.Consider this
example from Beck - Beth couldnt decide where to go for vacation,
but she knew that she wanted to be free from the
brumal landscape.
42Test
- Where might Beth choose to go for her vacation?
- A. Someplace warm
- B. Somewhere cool
- C. To the country
- D. To the city
43Test
- 2. As it is used in the passage, what would be a
synonym for brumal? - A. Rural
- B. Tropical
- C. Mountainous
- D. Frozen
44Test
- Where might Beth choose to go for her vacation?
- A. Someplace warm
- B. Somewhere where she could ski
- C. To the country
- D. To the city
INFERENCE R.A.1.3.1 R.A.2.3.1
45Test
- 2. As it is used in the passage, what would be a
synonym for brumal? - A. Rural
- B. Tropical
- C. Mountainous
- D. Frozen
SYNONYMS ANTONYMS R.A.1.1.2 R.A.2.1.2
46The Role of Context and Prior Knowledge
- The stick is blue.
- The stick is blue.
Pittsburgh Penguins article
Murphy Brown
The dog barks at midnight.
To which Frank replies,
47What Cognitive Science has since revealed to
help us design vocabulary instruction
- Your Working Memory can be used up in one of two
ways while reading - Figuring out the meaning of the words
- Comprehending the text
- Strong readers have 10s of thousands of words
from prior knowledge stored for immediate
retrieval in Long Term Memory. It happens in
milliseconds, automatically. - Weak readers use working memory to figure out
words, not meaning.
48What Do We Do With This Knowledge?
- Move them from processing words to retrieving
stored words. - Build up their storehouse of words and make
retrieval automatic.
49- Practice Makes Permanent!
50RICH VOCABULARY INSTRUCTION By rich vocabulary
we mean instructional techniques designed to
provide explicit explanations of word meanings,
multiple exposures to word meanings and uses, and
opportunities for students to interact with word
meanings by discussing uses for them, making
decisions about whether a word fits a context,
and the like (Beck, McKeown, Kucan, 2008).
51How large is this Task?
- Strong readers read approximately 1 million words
of text per year - These words were organized into 88,500 families
or groups of related words (Ex. introduce,
introduction, reintroduce, and introducing) - Half of these are so rare that even avid readers
might only encounter them once in lifetime - Based on this (an some other crazy math), they
figured there are 15,000 word families that
would be encountered more than once every 10
years. - The average 3rd grader knows about 8,000 leaving
approximately 7,000 word families at the Tier
Two level to be introduced between 3rd and 12th
grade.
52So I know what you are thinking
- That would mean I was suggesting that we teach
700 words a year - Most research suggests 400 as an optimal number.
- Still a bit high??
- Typical units of study
- Unusual units of study
- Not including new habits of speaking and
Accountable Talk that happen in your classrooms
53Tier One Words
- are considered the basic of words--baby, clock,
happy, etc. - are words that students are expected to or will
generally pick up in everyday language
acquisition and therefore are not expected to be
taught.
54Tier Three Words
- are ones whose frequency of use is quite low and
are often limited to certain domains--what we
might call jargon--isotope, lathe, peninsula,
etc. - would not be of high utility for most students.
- are best learned when the need arises.
55Tier Two Words
- are high frequency words which are found across a
variety of domains--coincidence, absurd,
industrious, fortunate, etc. - have a high impact on verbal functioning.
- should get the most instructional time in order
to influence the students vocabulary that will
most likely be tested. - are our primary focus today and for the
districts new core curriculum.
562 Kinds ofVocabulary Work
- Understanding the Text (recognition)
- Comprehension Work. Clarifying the meaning of
words that will get in the way of students
understanding of the story. This work should be
very quick. - Minimum number of words for comprehension of
story - Best if done at the point of occurrence while
reading aloud or briefly before reading
independently - Developing Expressive Vocabulary (production)
- Deeper Elaboration
- Many encounters and contexts
- Opportunities for students to use words and
generate contexts - Variety of information about the word (which
would interfere with the first goal)
57What to Expect in the Revisions
- Definition through prior knowledge in the
introduction of every word to create neural
connections - Synonyms and antonyms that are familiar will be
used when exploring the new word. - Use of contexts that are both like the
originating text and expanded beyond that context
will support transfer - Multiple meaning work will support transfer and
ownership. - Word play with familiar words in the same word
family will build a familiarity with word part,
roots, affixes, and parts of speech. - Students will generate their own personal
contexts for the words and be supported in using
them daily in the ALL speaking and writing
(productive vocabulary).
58The instruction in the revisions follows Becks
pattern
- Identification of vocabulary words for each
reading segment - Very brief, student-friendly explanations for
each word before or during reading as necessary
to scaffold comprehension. - After reading rich vocabulary instruction with a
few selected Target Words to support growth of
recognition and expressive vocabulary - Ongoing, daily activities to provide multiple
contexts for the Target Words selected for
vocabulary growth. - Ongoing, daily activities to provide
opportunities for students to interact with and
use the Target Words selected for vocabulary
growth.
59Before/During Vocabulary Instruction
- Vocabulary instruction before or during reading
provides support for students with unfamiliar
words in the context of the current text. It is
intended to scaffold reading comprehension. - This instruction occurs before reading if
students are reading the selection independently
and during reading, at the point of occurrence,
if the teacher is reading aloud. - Tier 1, 2 or 3 words that may impede
comprehension are listed for each chapter in the
left column of the Teacher Resource Vocabulary
for On My Honor (Appendix) - Teachers may adapt this list to meet the needs of
the class by skipping known or adding unfamiliar
words. - The purpose of this type of vocabulary
instruction is to scaffold comprehension only and
must be very quick and clear so as not to
interfere with the primary work of comprehending
the text as a whole.
60Vocabulary Instruction After ReadingPractice
Makes Permanent
- Vocabulary instruction after reading is
delivered in a 4 day cycle of activities that
provide students with multiple contexts and
opportunities to use and interact with the
selected Target Words. - After reading instruction focuses on Tier 2 words
selected for their frequency in literary contexts
and their multiple applications across domains.
This list is located in the right column of the
Teacher Resource Vocabulary for On My Honor and
may include words that relate to the text but are
not from the text. - The purpose of after reading vocabulary
instruction is not, primarily, to support
comprehension of the current text, but to build
the students overall recognition and productive
vocabulary.
61Atypical Unit of Study--Night
- Tier One words--opportunity to see the
metaphorical and symbolic meanings of everyday
words--(But how was one to rehabilitate and
transform words betrayed and perverted by the
enemy? Hunger--thirst--fear--transport--selection-
-fire--chimney these words all have intrinsic
meaning, but in those times, they meant something
else. Elie Wiesel) - Tier Two words--opportunity to examine the use of
words in two different translations, and the
power in these differences. - Our new head was savage, and his assistants were
real monsters. - The new one was ferocious and his aides were
veritable monsters. - Tier Three words--Judaic terms, words related to
the Holocaust, military terms, German words
62Tier-the-Words Activity
- Read Aquatic Guests with a highlighter at the
ready. - Highlight all of the words you imagine to be Tier
Two words - Go back through the text, when you get to a word
you have underlined, write a COMMENT in the right
margin about why you would or would not consider
teaching this word. - Is it essential for comprehension?
- Is it a rich, high utility word?
- Is it likely to be picked up in spoken language?
- Go back through your words and their
corresponding comment. Now add the word DECISION
under each comment and write a description for
how you believe the word should be handled within
the framework of instruction. - Should it be covered briefly before/during
reading to support comprehension? - Should it be covered in depth after reading to
build vocabulary?
63- Go to your 600 meeting to share and compare.
64Just an Idea
65Menu of Vocabulary Strategies
- Returning to the Story Context
- Examples / Nonexamples
- Word Association
- Generating Situations, Contexts and Examples
- Word Relationships
- Writing
- Puzzles, Drawing, and Dramatizing
66Examples / Nonexamples
- This is a simple and powerful early interactive
activity. Ask students to indicate if a given
statement, description or comment is an instance
of a given word. - Students can be asked to generate their own
examples and nonexamples. This activity works
for antonymic relationships as well. - Examples
- Which of the following sounds precarious?( make a
list of) - Standing on a tall ladder on one foot
- Watching television with your friends
- Setting a glass of soda on a wobbly table
- Often parts of the state of California go without
water for a long time. Which new word goes with
that sentence? (drought) Often parts of the
state of California suffer from a drought. - After my friend fell off of her bicycle and hit
her head, she acted as though she could not
understand what I was saying. Which new word
goes with that sentence? (dazed) After my friend
fell off of her bicycle and hit her head, she was
dazed.
67Word Association
- Associating new words with familiar situation
helps students to build connections between the
new and the known. - Example
- Which of these words goes with the situations
below? Tedious, Extravagant, Pretentious - I spent all of the money that Ive saved for 6
months on that MP3 player. - I just cant face another minute of this!
- Youre so lucky that Im a part of your team.
- Note Unexpected association can supports
learning and evidence understanding also, such as
associating tedious with the first example by
saying that it will be tedious and time consuming
to have to save again for so long.
68Generating Situations, Contexts and Examples
- Students are asked to generate appropriate
contexts, situations or statements for the words.
Generation provides a more rigorous usage than
Word Association. - Context constant w/ varying word application
- What might prompt a teacher to say
- What an industrious class you are.
- What a splendid class you are.
- What a versatile class you are.
- Varying contexts
- What would a splendid day for football look like?
- What might an audience say about a splendid
musician?
69Word Relationships
- Have students respond to how 2 or more words
might be related.3 variations follow. - Ask student to
- Describe how words might be connected or related
conscientious/haphazard - Create a question using the words What might a
meticulous person be vulnerable to? - Sort a list of vocabulary word by relationship
- Words that Describe People vs. Words that
Describe places
70Returning to the Story
- After a cycle of deeper instruction with the
words emulate and intimidate one would return to
the line where they first encountered the word
build a connection between vocabulary and
understanding story ideas Example from The
Watsons Go to Birmingham p.27 - Mr. Alums said to Byron If instead of
trying to intimidate your young brother, you
would emulate him and try to use that mind of
yours, perhaps youd find things much easier
What did he mean?
71 Writing
- Authentic, unsolicited, accurate use of new words
in speaking and writing is the most reliable
indicator that a student owns a new word. - As with speaking, encourage students to use the
words (displayed on a visible Word Wall and
catalogues in their R/W Notebooks) at every
opportunity. - If errors occur with word forms etc, praise the
approximation and attempt and correct
immediately. - For final drafts, a requirement of vocabulary
inclusion may be appropriate for some students.
72Puzzles, Drawing, and Dramatizing
- Pantomime solemnly crossing your own heart. Ask
students what other words or ideas come to mind
for solemn when they see it this way. Students
may say things like Its no joke or for real.
Accept these and other colloquial definitions if
they are accurate in order to build cognitive
connections for the work solemn. - Have students work in pairs or small group to
create a a gesture to represent each of the
Target Words from Chapters 1 2 Sheer, Dense,
Redeem, Solemn, Betray, Exuberant, Haphazard - Distribute magazines to small groups of students
and have them identify pictures that somehow
represent each target work. It is centrally
important that students explain the connection of
the picture to the word and use the word in their
explanation either verbally, in writing, or both.
73Suggested Strategies for Assessment
- For Verbal Usage
- For informal verbal usage during class, try using
a simple marker tool like paperclips. Keep a box
handy and give one to students each time they use
a Target or Word Wall word appropriately. They
can clip them onto their R/W Notebook for you to
count up for points later. - A clip board with a roster or students can be
used for tallying use during discussion. This is
less intrusive to the flow of discussion. - For Written Usage
- Ask students to try to use the Target Words and
Word Wall Cumulative Vocabulary in all R/W
Notebook entries. Tell them to circle the words
that they use so that you can give credit when
assessing the notebooks. - Require that students incorporate Target and Word
Wall vocabulary in Culminating Projects and
Process Writing in order to score proficient or
advanced in the Style Domain of the rubric - Tests and Quizzes
- Generate vocabulary quizzes or tests (for use at
the end of the unit) that mirror the classroom
and homework. Use the activities from the
electronic version of the unit as a template. - Be careful that students have enough time to
practice and use the words authentically before
giving any summative assessment. Early testing
can give false results regarding whether or not
the word was actually learned.
74The Key Ingredient Engagement
- Only the teacher can provide this essential
aspect of instruction. - Word Play is natural to children and adults.
Learning cannot happen with engagement. - The use of the prior knowledge, culturally
relevant examples, synonyms and antonyms also
increases engagement - Ask STUDENTS to provide local examples, current
colloquialisms as synonyms/antonyms, popular
culture connections.
75Step Back Reflect on Learning
- How do you see this work impacting students in
your buildings? - How has our work today helped you to better
understand the Core Curriculum revisions?
76The Instructional Handbook for English 6-12
77Scavenger Hunt Activity
- Where can one find guidelines for facilitating an
inquiry discussion? - Name three resources that are available on the
Reading/Writing 6-12 website? - What percent of the students grades will come
from speaking and listening? - Now that there are grading guidelines for ELA
6-12, where can I find instructions on how to set
up my grade book? - How does PA Standard 1.3.8.B differ from
1.3.11.B? - What is the purpose of the Teaching and Learning
PD Cycle?