Cooperation in Autonomous Vehicular Networks

1
Cooperation in Autonomous Vehicular Networks

• Sidi Mohammed Senouci, Abderrahim Benslimane,
  Hassnaa Moustafa
• WILEY Publisher

2
Outline

• Introduction
• Overview on Vehiculer Networks
• Cooperation at Different OSI Layers
• Cooperation at Lower Layers
• Cooperation at Network Layer
• Security and Authentication versus Cooperation
• Cooperation at Upper Layers
• Conclusion

3
Introduction (1/2)

• Vehicular networks are considered as a novel
  class of wireless networks
• Also known as VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks)
• One of the ad hoc networks real-life applications
• Enabling communications among nearby vehicles as
  well as between vehicles and nearby fixed
  equipments, usually described as roadside
  equipments
• Vehicular networks applications
• Road safety applications oriented to the vehicle
  or to the driver
• Entertainment and commercial applications for
  passengers, making use of a plethora of
  cooperating technologies

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Introduction (2/2)

• The increased number of vehicles on the road
  increases significantly the unpredictable events
  outside vehicles
• Accidents arrive rarely from vehicles themselves
  and mainly originate from on-road dynamics
• Cooperation using vehicular networks must be
  introduced into transportation networks to
  improve overall safety and network efficiency,
  and to reduce the environmental impact of road
  transport
• Two different ways to achieve cooperative
  collision warning
• Passive approach a vehicle broadcasts frequently
  its location, speed, direction, etc, and it is
  the responsibility of the receipt vehicle to take
  the decision on the eminent danger if it judges
  its existence
• Active approach a vehicle causing an abnormal
  situation broadcasts an alarm message containing
  its location in order to warn vehicles in its
  neighborhood

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Overview on Vehicular Networks (1/2)

• Vehicular networks can be deployed by
• Network operators,
• Service providers,
• Through integration between operators, providers
  and a governmental authority
• Deployment environments
• Highways,
• Urban (City) environments,
• Rural environments
• Deployment architectures
• Pure wireless Vehicle-to-Vehicle ad hoc network
  (V2V)
• An Infrastructure-to-Vehicle or
  Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (I2V, V2I) architecture
  with wired backbone and wireless last hops
• A hybrid architecture that does not rely on a
  fixed infrastructure in a constant manner, but
  can exploit it for improved performance and
  service access when it is available

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Overview on Vehicular Networks (2/2)

• Technical Challenges
• Potentially large scale
• High mobility
• Network partitioning
• Network topology and connectivity
• Security
• Applications distribution
• Several technical challenges are not yet resolved
  in vehicular networks
• Research works and contributions are needed to
  investigate such challenges aiming to resolve them

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (1/12)

• Cooperation at Lower Layers
• MAC layer cooperation
• Homogenous MAC cooperation, where one distinct
  MAC layer is present in the system
• Heterogeneous MAC, where MAC protocols from
  different systems are used for cooperation
• There is a need for efficient MAC protocols
• Adapting to the high dynamic environment of
  vehicular networks
• Considering messages priority of some
  applications (ex, accidents warnings)
• Allowing for fast association and low
  communication latency between communicating
  vehicles
• MAC layer cooperation allows for
• Services reliability for safety-related
  applications
• Time-sensitivity consideration during messages
  transfer
• Quality and continuity of services consideration
  for non-safety applications

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (2/12)

• Cooperation at Lower Layers cntd
• Many MAC protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks
  have been introduced in the literature.
• No involvement of any cooperation between
  vehicles except if we consider the competition to
  access a given channel (as in IEEE 802.11p or
  DSRC) is a kind of cooperation which is not
  realistic.
• Cooperative collision avoidance system is
  proposed following two approaches
• Cluster-based approach based upon several
  criteria, which define the movement of the
  vehicles, namely the directional bearing and
  relative velocity of each vehicle, and also the
  inter-vehicular distance
• Cooperative risk-aware Media Access Control (MAC)
  protocol increasing the responsiveness of the
  proposed CCA scheme. According to the order of
  each vehicle in its corresponding cluster, an
  emergency level is associated with the vehicle
  that signifies the risk to encounter a potential
  emergency scenario

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (3/12)

• Cooperation at Network Layer
• Concerns the cooperation mechanisms between
  network elements for traffic forwarding
• Needs efficient routing protocol that enables
  effective network resource management
• Nodes behavior consideration
• A malicious or self-interested user can misbehave
  and does not cooperate. A malicious user could
  inject false routing messages into the network in
  order to break the cooperative paradigm
• The basic vehicular network functions subject to
  selfishness are dissemination and routing

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (4/12)

• Cooperation at Network Layer cntd
• Cooperative Routing in Vehicular Networks
• GyTAR (improved Greedy Traffic Aware Routing
  protocol) A geographical routing protocol for
  vehicular networks capable to find robust routes
  within city environments. The protocol is based
  on the cooperation between vehicles at network
  layer
• GyTAR has three components
• Completely decentralized scheme for the
  estimation of the vehicular traffic density in
  city-roads (IFTIS)
• Dynamic selection of the junctions through which
  a packet must pass to reach its destination
• Improved greedy forwarding mechanism between two
  junctions

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (5/12)

• Cooperation at Network Layer cntd
• Cooperative Dissemination in Vehicular Networks
  within City Environment
• GVI (geo-localized virtual infrastructure) a
  mechanism based on the cooperation between
  vehicles in order to elect vehicles that will
  perpetuate information broadcasting within an
  intersection area
• GVI is composed of two phases
• selecting vehicles able to reach the broadcast
  area
• only one among the selected vehicles is elected
  as the local broadcaster. It will perform a local
  / single hop broadcast once it reaches the
  broadcast area

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (6/12)

• Cooperation at Network Layer cntd
• Cooperative Dissemination in Vehicular Networks
  within a Highway
• ODAM (Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages)
• To face the network fragmentation while avoiding
  neighbors computation
• Geocast messages to relevant ares in the road
• Introduce Defer Time Distance
• - reduce the number of message collisions
• reduce the number of retransmission
• best use of bandwidth
• reduce the delay
• Use dynamical Relays to face the fragmentation
• Tack into account the direction of circulation

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (7/12)

• Cooperation at Network Layer cntd
• ODAM (Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages)

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (7/12)

• Cooperation at Network Layer cntd
• Self-Organizing Cooperative Vehicular Networks
• Self-organization can be defined as the emergence
  of system-wide adaptive structure and
  functionality from simple local interactions
  between individual entities
• CSP (Cluster-based Self-organizing Protocol) a
  vehicular network self-organizing architecture
  based on geographical clustering to ensure a
  permanent self-organization of the whole network
• Key idea
• Divide each road stump in segments seen as fixed
  clusters
• Elect a cluster head for each segment to act as
  backbone member
• CSP improves the connectivity without producing a
  great overhead

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (8/12)

• Security and Authentication versus Cooperation
• Cooperation in vehicular networks could penalize
  the service access and the whole communication
• Malicious nodes could be involved in the
  communication
• Secure and reliable cooperation is needed
• Assuring that only authorized users are granted
  networks access
• Attacks in vehicular networks impacting
  cooperation
• External attacks, where the attackers do not
  participate in the network, however they could
  carry out some attacks and malicious acts
  impacting the communication and the network and
  services performance,
• Internal attacks, where the attackers participate
  in the network and have legitimate service
  access, however they penalize the network
  performance through malicious and non cooperative
  acts

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (9/12)

• Security and Authentication versus Cooperation -
  cntd
• Counter-measures against different attacks
  impacting cooperation
• Authentication and access control, allowing only
  authorized users to have connectivity
• Fails to prevent against internal attacks
• Internal attackers are nodes that are
  authenticated and authorized to participate in
  the network however, they can be harmful nodes
  causing network and service performance
  degradation
• Non cooperative behaviors (selfishness,
  greediness, and Denial-of-Services or DoS)
• A need for complementary mechanisms to
  authentication and access control

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (10/12)

• Security and Authentication versus Cooperation
  cntd
• Prevention against external attacks
• Authentication and access control
• Shared key (weak solution)
• IEEE 802.11i approach
• Multi-hop 802.11i
• Kerberos model adapted to the multi-hop
  environment
• PANA (a Protocol for carrying Authentication and
  Network Access )
• Prevention against internal attacks
• Complementary mechanisms to authentication and
  access control.
• Watchdog based on monitoring neighbors to
  identify a misbehaving node that does not
  cooperate during data transmission
• CONFIDANT and Catch incorporate an additional
  punishment mechanism making misbehavior
  unattractive through isolating misbehaving nodes
• Domino solves the greedy sender problem in
  802.11 WLANs with a possible extension to
  multihop wireless networks and hence vehicular
  networks

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (11/12)

• Cooperation at Upper Layers
• Several cooperative applications are based on
  cooperation between vehicles and the
  infrastructure belonging to the government, or
  private network operators or service providers
• CURB - Cooperative Urban Applications aims to
  improve the efficient use of the urban road
  network at both local junction and network level,
  and enhance individual mobility.
• CINT - Cooperative Inter-urban Applications aims
  to enable cooperation and communication between
  the vehicle and the infrastructure on inter-urban
  highways.
• CFF - Cooperative Freight Fleet aims to
  increase the safety of dangerous goods transport
  and optimize transport companies' delivery
  logistics.
• Cooperative Monitoring - COMO block placed as a
  central basic service to cooperate closely with
  CURB, CINT and CFF applications to capture their
  particular requirements about monitoring of
  traffic and environmental information.
• Infrastructure-Free Traffic Information System -
  IFTIS aims at road density estimation through
  being based on a distributed exchange and
  maintenance of traffic information between
  cooperating vehicles traversing the routes.

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Cooperation at Different OSI Layers (12/12)

• Cooperation at Upper Layers cntd
• Traffic Density Estimation
• IFTS (Infrastructure-Free Traffic Information
  System) A decentralized and infrastructure-free
  mechanism for the estimation of vehicular traffic
  density in city-roads
• The approach is based on the distributed exchange
  and maintenance of traffic information between
  cooperative vehicles traversing the routes
• Smart Parking
• Collect information about parking space
  availability and coordinate drivers in order to
  guide them to free parking spots.
• At every parking spot a wireless mote is deployed
  which tracks the occupancy and cooperates with
  other nearby motes and vehicles.
• Each vehicle is equipped with a wireless
  communication device that provides a driver with
  information about parking space availability and
  guides them eventually by turn-by-turn
  instructions

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Conclusion (1/2)

• Vehicular networks have been emerged as a new
  type of autonomous networks allowing for
  vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle
  communication
• Applications in vehicular networks range from
  road safety applications oriented to the vehicle
  or to the driver, to entertainment and commercial
  applications for passengers
• The increased number of vehicles on the road
  increases significantly the unpredictable events
  outside vehicles
• Cooperation using vehicular networks must be
  introduced into transportation networks to
  improve overall safety and network efficiency
• Cooperation is crucial in entertainment
  applications to allow reliable services access
  through the multihop communication during
  vehicles mobility

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Conclusion (2/2)

• Cooperative techniques will likely survive in
  scenarios which are independent of users (no
  selfishness) but rather depending on machines or
  operator-programmed decision engines.
• This chapter explores cooperation issues in
  autonomous vehicular networks at different levels
• High-level services should be build following a
  cooperative model that depends exclusively on the
  participation of contributing vehicles and the
  existing infrastructure
• Vehicular networks scenarios relying on an
  infrastructure (that could be eventually limited
  infrastructure) could satisfy cooperation through
  resolving several technological issues
• Such scenarios are promising for real deployment
  of vehicular networks in a public context of
  generalized mobility