A P A Documentation

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A P A Documentation
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Welcome to the Writing Center

• Hours
• Monday Thursday
• 900 am - 500 pm and
• 600 pm 900 pm
• Friday
• 900am - 300pm

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First, a little quiz

• True or False?
• APA style requirements are different for
  preparing manuscripts for journal articles and
  preparing papers for a class.
• All papers are double spaced.
• For every citation in the body of the paper
  there must be a reference at the end, and for
  every reference there must be a citation.

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What is APA style?

• American
• Psychological
• Association

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Why APA style?
Credibility Consistency Readability Efficiency
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Why You Should Document Sources

• In research writing, sources are documented for
  these reasons
• To alert readers to the sources of your
  information
• To give credit to the writers from whom you
  have borrowed words and ideas
• To enhance your own credibility as a writer

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• You must cite whenever you
• Borrow the words from any source
  
• Borrow ideas from a source by.
• paraphrasing or summarizing parts of it
• lifting key words or phrases from it
• pulling statistics or facts from it
• using information in tables, graphs, or diagrams
• When in doubt, cite the source!

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In-Text Citations

• Made with a combination of signal phrases and
  parenthetical references
• Citations in parentheses should be concise yet
  complete enough so that readers can find the
  source on your References page at the end of the
  paper.

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Essentials of APA

• In-text citation
• Rumbaugh (1995) reported that "Kanzi's
  comprehension of over 600 novel sentences of
  request was very comparable to Alia's" (p. 722).
• Entry in the list of ReferencesRumbaugh, D.
  (1995). Primate language and cognition Common
  ground. Social Research, 62, 711-730.

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• Two authors
• Use an ampersand () instead of and.
• Example
• (Alton Davies, 1990, p. 567).
• Three to five authors
• Name all of the authors the first time you cite
  the source. Next time, use et al.
• Example
• (Blaine et al., 1999).

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Signal Phrases are used to

• lead into the quotation or borrowed information
• prepare readers for a change of voice
• keep the parenthetical citation brief

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Signal Phrases

• Signal phrases provide clear signals to prepare
  readers for the borrowed material.
• Readers should be able to move from your words to
  the words you quote without feeling an abrupt
  shift. 

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Signal Phrases

• Use strong verbs in signal phrases

illustrated implied pointed out reported
suggested thought wrote
argued asserted believed claimed commented
disputed
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Signal Phrases

• Example
• Flora Davis (1997) described the language
  skills of a chimp at the Yerkes Primate Research
  Center. She wrote, It has combined words into
  new sentences that she was never taught" (p. 67).
• note that the period goes after the parenthetical
  citation. 

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Signal Phrases Without Authors Name

• Example
• One researcher reported that a chimp at the
  Yerkes Primate Research Center "has combined
  words into new sentences that she was never
  taught" (Davis, 1997, p. 67).

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When is it acceptable to use someones exact
words without using quotation marks?

• Only when you have block indented

When do I use a block quotation? When the
quotation contains 40 or more words or 4 or more
lines of poetry.
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Long Quotations

• Use block quotations when quoting 40 or more
  words
• Indent five spaces from left margin or one-half
  inch
• Omit quotation marks
• Use double spacing for the block

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Example of block indenting

• Desmond (2000) described how Washoe tried
  signing to the other apes when the Gardners
  returned her to an ape colony in Oklahoma 

One particularly memorable day, a snake spread
terror through the castaways on the ape island,
and all but one fled in panic. This male sat
absorbed, staring intently at the serpent. Then
Washoe was seen running over signing to him
"come, hurry up. (p. 42)
This shows that Washoe truly understood the
concept of sign language as a means of
communication with others.
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Using a Secondary Source

• Name the original work, and give a citation for
  the secondary source.
•   Use the phrase  as cited in.
• Example
• McClellands investigation (as cited in Toner,
  1998) found that chimps

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Altering a quote

• When using a direct quote in which you insert a
  word of your own, place square brackets  
  around the word(s) you have inserted. 
• Example
• Seyfarth (2001) noted that "Premack a
  scientist at the University of Pennsylvania
  taught a seven-year-old chimpanzee, Sarah, that
  the word for 'apple' was a small, plastic
  triangle" (p. 13). 

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• If you delete part of a quote, use ellipsis dots
  . . . to indicate where you have deleted from
  the original source.
• Example
• In a recent New York Times article, Eckholm
  argued that "a 4 year-old pygmy chimpanzee . . .
  has demonstrated what scientists say are the most
  human like linguistic skills ever documented in
  another animal" (p. A1).

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Documenting Electronic Sources

• In general
• Direct readers as closely as possible to the
  information being cited.
• Provide addresses (urls) that work.

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In-text Citations for Online Sources

• Follow similar format used for print media
• (Butler, 2000, p. 5)
• If the online source contains no page or
  paragraph numbers, then follow this example
• (Butler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 2)

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References for Online Sources

• Check the APA Manual for correct format. Make
  sure you are using the most recent edition.
• Here is an example of the format for a document
  with no date
• Greater New Milford Area Health Community, Task
  Force on Teen Health. (n.d.). Who has time for
  a family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5,
  2002, from http//www.familymealtime.org

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Basic Format for Books in Works Cited

• To cite APA, include the following information in
  this order
• 1.) Author (Last, First initial)
• 2.) Date of Publication
• 3.) Title and Subtitle
• 4.) City of Publication
• 5.) Publisher
• Example Highmore, B. (2001). Everyday life and
  cultural theory. New York Routledge.
• Notice that only the first letter of the title is
  capitalized!!!

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Basic Format for Articles in Works Cited

• For an article, include
• 1.) Author (Last name, first initial)
• 2.) Date of Publication
• 3.) Title of article (not italicized)
• 4.) Name of Periodical (italicized)
• 5.) Volume and issue number
• 6.) Page numbers
• Example Hoxby, C.M. (2002). The power of peers.
  Education Next, 2(2), 57-63.

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When should you use footnotes?

• Rarely.
• Most style manuals urge you to include the
  material in the main body of your paper or leave
  it out.
• Use them only if your instructor specifically
  asks you to.

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How do you know when to italicize the title of a
work and when not to italicize?

• Italicize when the work is published on its own
  or is one complete source, such as
• Book title
• Newspaper title
• Movie title
• Album title
• Title of a painting
• Ships name

• Do not italicize when the title names something
  that is part of a larger work, such as
• Book chapter
• Short story
• Essay
• Newspaper article
• Song

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A Writers Reference Website

• Lets now go to an excellent website for APA
  guidelines
• http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
  

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• Good Luck!