DAMS

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DAMS
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TERMINOLOGY for DAMS

• Dam...............................................
  ..........baraj
• Small dam.........................................
  ......bent veya gölet
• Reservoir.........................................
  .......hazne veya göl alani
• Leakage...........................................
  .......su kaçagi
• Seepage...........................................
  .......sizma
• Storage...........................................
  ........depolama
• Coffer dam........................................
  ......batardo
• Upstream coffer dam.............................me
  mba batardosu
• Downstream coffer dam........................mansa
  p batardosu
• Core..............................................
  ...........baraj çekirdegi
• Filter............................................
  .............filtre veya geçirgen katman
• Diversion tunnel..................................
  ...derivasyon tüneli çevirme tüneli
• Rip-rap...........................................
  ..........koruyucu kaya dolgu
• Cut-off...........................................
  ..........hendek
• Toe-drain.........................................
  ........topuk drenaji
• Right side........................................
  ........sag yan sag sahil
• Left side.........................................
  .........sol yan sol sahil

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• River side.....................................neh
  ir içi
• Butress.........................................pa
  yanda
• Foundation...................................temel
  
• Embankment................................sedde
• Base-width....................................taba
  n genisligi
• Crest.............................................
  .tepe
• Cut-off trench...............................sapla
  ma hendegi
• Expansion joint............................genisle
  me derzi (dilatasyon)
• Spillway........................................do
  lusavak
• Gravity dam..................................agirl
  ik baraji
• Tail water......................................çi
  kan su
• Head water...................................giren
  su
• Arch dam......................................keme
  r baraj
• Abutment......................................yan
  dayanak
• Multiple arch dam........................çok
  kemerli baraj veya payandali baraj
• Extrados.......................................dis
  yüzey
• Intrados........................................iç
  yüzey

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• Parapet...........................................
  ....korkuluk
• Rock fill dam.....................................
  .kaya dolgu baraj
• Compacted rock fill...........................siki
  stirilmis kaya dolgu
• Dumped rock fill................................dö
  kme kaya dolgu
• Foot wall.........................................
  ....topuk duvari
• Earth dam.........................................
  ..toprak baraj
• Watertight core..................................g
  eçirimsiz çekirdek
• Watertight diaphram.........................geçiri
  msiz perde
• Retaining wall....................................
  istinat (dayanma) duvari
• Hard ground......................................s
  aglam zemin
• Impervious ground...........................geçiri
  msiz zemin
• Grout curtain.....................................
  enjeksiyon (harçlama) perdesi
• Overburden.......................................s
  iyrilacak katman
• Bedrock...........................................
  ..yerli kaya

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DISTRIBUTION of WATER RESOURCES
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• In Turkey, 536 large dams have been built and
  being operated. On the other hand, Small
  Hydraulic Works Department has built 42 small
  dams.
• Here, 50 storage facilities that are not
  considered as dam due to their low heights (lt15m)
  and low storage capatcities (lt2 hm3) have not
  been taken into account.
• By now, construction of 100 dams and
  hydroelectric powerplants is going on.

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Definition

• A dam is a structure which prevents the flow of
  water and accumulates it in a reservoir

Karakaya Dam/Diyarbakir
Atatürk Dam/Sanliurfa
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Needs for Dam Construction

• Drinking and domestic water supply
• Flood control
• Irrigation
• Industrial water supply
• Hydroelectric energy production
• Retention and control of sediments
• and Inland navigation, Improvement of water
  quality, Fish Farming, Recreation facilities

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BREAKDOWN by PURPOSE of DAMS in EUROPE
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CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS
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ACCORDING to the SIZE of the DAM

• Large (Big) dam
• Small dam
• International Commision on Large Dams, (ICOLD)
  assumes a dam as big when its height is bigger
  than 15m.
• If the height of the dam is between 10m and 15m
  and matches the following criteria, then ICOLD
  accepts the dam as big
• If the crest length is bigger than 500m
• If the reservoir capacity is larger than 1
  million m3
• If the flood discharge is more than 2000 m3/s
• If there are some difficulties in the
  construction of foundation

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ACCORDING to HEIGHT of DAM

• High Dam or Large Dam
• If the height of the dam is bigger than 100m
• Medium Dam
• If the height of the dam is between 50m and 100m
• Low Dam or Small Dam
• If the height of the dam is lower than 50m

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ACCORDING to the STATICAL DESIGN of DAM BODY

• Gravity Dams (Sariyar, Çubuk I,
  Kemer, Sir II
• 
  Karacaören II)
• Arch Dams (Gökçekaya,
  Karakaya,
• 
  Oymapinar, Gezende)
• Butress Dams (Elmali II)
• Embankment Dams (Atatürk, Seyhan,
  Aslantas)
• Composite Dams (Keban)

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GRAVITY DAMS

• Gravity Dams use their triangular shape and the
  sheer weight of their rock and concrete structure
  to hold back the water in the reservoir.

Sariyar Dam Sakarya River Height 90 m
Reservoir Capacity 1.9 billion m3
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ARCH DAMS

• Arch Dams utilize the strength of an arch to
  displace the load of water behind it onto the
  rock walls that it is built into.

Karakaya Dam Firat River Height 173 m
Reservoir Capacity 9,5 billion m3
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BUTRESS DAMS

• Buttress Dams use multiple reinforced columns to
  support a dam that has a relatively thin
  structure. Because of this, these dams often use
  half as much concrete as gravity dams

Elmali II Göksu River Height 42.5 m
Reservoir Capacity 10 million m3
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EMBANKMENT DAMS (Rock Fill or Earth Fill Dams)

• They are mostly composed of natural materials
  such as, clay, sand, gravel etc...
• Impervious core is placed in the middle of the
  embankment body
• Generally riprap is used to control erosion

Atatürk Dam Firat River Height 169
m Reservoir Capacity 48,7 billion m3
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COMPOSITE DAMS

• Composite dams are combinations of one or more
  dam types. Most often a large section of a dam
  will be either an embankment or gravity dam, with
  the section responsible for power generation
  being a buttress or arch.

Keban Dam Firat River Height 163
m Reservoir Capacity 31 billion m3
Gravity Rock Fill
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ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL STUDIES for DAM
CONSTRUCTION
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1. RECONNAISSANCE STUDY

• Evaluation of the data having at archives of MTA,
  DSI, EIE, Universities,......etc
• Field investigation for limited time
  (Reconnaissance Study)
• Some maps in small scale, for example 1/25.000 or
  1/50.000
• Some hydraulic data about
• Basin
• Precipitation area
• Runoff, maximum discharge QR/t (m3/s)
• Modulus of Runoff (R/t/m2 R/t/km2)
• Some approach to the reservoir area, dam site and
  type of dam and height of dam...etc
• Photogeological studies
• A preliminary report

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2. PRELIMINARY STUDIES at the RESERVOIR AREA and
DAM SITE

• Dam site investigations
• 1. Location of dam axis
• 2. Location of diversion tunnel
• 3. Location of spillway
• 4. Location of powerhouse...etc
• Geological studies
• Geophysical surveying
• Underground investigations
• 1. Boreholes
• 2. Investigation galleries
• 3. Pitholes
• Surveying for materials
• 1. Field surveying
• 2. Laboratory tests

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1. Slope stability investigations
2. Earthquake hazard risk analysis
3. Environmental studies
4. Leakage possibilities from reservoir area
5. Leakage possibilities from dam site
6. Erosion, sedimentation siltation

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DETAILED INVESTIGATION at DAM SITE

1. Topographic surveyings
2. Geological mappings
   1/5000 1/1000 or 1/500
3. Underground explorations
   Boreholes, adits....etc
4. Hydrogeological studies
5. Slope stability analysis

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FACTORS AFFECTING to the DAM TYPE SELECTION

• Topography
• Geology
• Bearing capacity of the underlying soil
• Foundation settlements
• Permeability of the foundation soil
• Material availability
• Spillway position
• Earthquakes
• Safety
• Height
• Aesthetic view
• Qualified labour
• Cost

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FACTORS AFFECTING to the PLACE of the DAM AXIS

• Topography
• Geology
• Materials
• Spillway location availability
• Derivation
• Sediments in the flowing water
• Water quality
• Expropriation costs
• Earthquake possibility
• Downstream water rights

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RIVER BASINS in TURKEY
Turkey has been separated into 26 main river
basins for the hydrological studies.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DAMS
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS of CONSTRUCTION PHASE of
DAMS

• River pollution
• Erosion
• Loss of aesthetic view
• Air pollution
• Noise pollution
• Dust

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS of RESERVOIRS

• Loss of land
• Habitat Destruction
• The area that is covered by the reservoir is
  destroyed, killing whatever habitat existed there
  beforehand.
• Loss of archeological and histrorical places
• Loss of mineral deposits
• Loss of special geological formations
• Aesthetic view reduction
• Sedimentation
• Change in river flow regime and flood effects
• Reservoir induced seismicity
• Change in climate and plant species

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EFFECTS of DAMS to WATER QUALITY

• Change in temperature
• Turbidity
• Dissolved gases in the water
• Water discharged from the spillway contains
  110-120 saturated nitrogen. This amount may be
  destructive for fish life.
• Eutrophication
• It means increase in vegetation. If moss and
  other plants exist in water, quality of that
  water gets worse.

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SOME DAMS from SPACE
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