Title: Report of the World Commission on Dams
1Report of the World Commission on Dams
www.dams.org
2Dams and Development Presentation of the
Commissions Report
- About the Commission why, who, what
- Findings from the Knowledge Base
- The way forward
3Why a World Commission on Dams ?
In response to escalating conflicts over the role
of dams in development, all constituents
came together to establish
the Commission
4The Debate
- Needs are intensifying concerns are growing
- Major investments significant impacts
- Dam projects increasingly questioned
- WCD - an unprecedented response to the controversy
5Needs are intensifying
- freshwater withdrawals doubled in 50 years
- 1 billion lack freshwater
2 billion lack electricity - competition for water increasing
- aquatic ecosystems are declining
wetlands have been lost
6Major investments
Number Of Dams
6 000
- 45,000 large dams worldwide
- 2 dams commissioned
per day in1970s - total investment exceeds
2 trillion - 40 billion expenditure
per year at peak - estimated 40 80 million people displaced
- flow in 60 of worlds rivers affected
4 000
2 000
0
1900
1990s
7Dam projects increasingly questioned
- affected populations strongly oppose dams
- proponents point to urgent development demands
- opponents point to
adverse impacts - uprisings against
globalisation - little space for
constructive dialogue
8Unprecedented response to the controversy
- WCD created through unanimous agreement
- broad based mandate to review development
effectiveness assess alternatives - and develop internationally acceptable criteria
and guidelines - address global problems through local
understanding
9Who is the Commission ?
Donald Blackmore
Joji Cariño
Judy Henderson
Deborah Moore
José Goldemberg
Jan Veltrop
Göran Lindahl
Achim Steiner
Medha Patkar
Thayer Scudder
10WCD - Diverse Perspectives
WCDs authority and credibility rests on the
diversity of the Commissioners
which was a guiding theme throughout its
inclusive, transparent and
participatory work programme
11Independent and Legitimate
- established through agreement
- multi-stakeholder selection process
of Commissioners - no vested interest - reports to the world
- hands on experience with all aspects of dams
- 53 financiers - untied broad based
12Inclusive, Participatory Transparent
- full range of perspectives civil society to
governments, private sector to NGOs,
financiers to foundations - outreach through work
programme and networks - extensive review process
- WCD Forum as a reference point
- draft studies on website www.dams.org
13Commissioners
World Commission on Dams
Forum
Financiers
14What did the Commission accomplish ?
The most comprehensive, global and independent
review of dams from which it developed
recommendations for future decision-making
15The Process
- Knowledge driven review listening and learning
from the past - Multifaceted analysis integrated assessment
- Extensive negotiations within WCD led to agreed
recommendations
16Knowledge driven review
- experiences from 79 countries 1000 dams
- 7 detailed case studies, 3 country
studies, 125 cross check dams - 17 thematic reviews, 130
contributing papers - four regional consultations - 1400 people
- 950 submissions
Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
17Multifaceted analysis
- assessed performance against planned targets
- analysed social environmental impacts
- assessed alternatives for water energy services
- analysed planning, decision-making compliance
- examined how criteria have changed over time
18Extensive negotiations within WCD led to agreed
recommendations
- linked the dam debate to development discourse
- nine Commission meetings
- listened debated, examined analysed
- common problems specific contexts
19What did the Commission find from the knowledge
base ?
Dams have delivered considerable benefits In too
many cases the price paid to secure those
benefits has been unacceptable
and often
unnecessary
20Findings from WCD Knowledge base
- Dams have made a significant contribution
- A considerable number have fallen below targets
- Economic and financial under-performance
- Significant impacts on riverine
downstream ecosystems - Heavy toll on affected communities
- Alternatives often exist
- Lack of compliance
21Significant contribution
- 19 percent of electricity
from hydropower
more than 50 in 63 countries - dams support 30-40 of irrigated area
12-16 of global food production - 12 of all dams have a water
supply function - 75 countries have dams for flood
control
Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
22Considerable number have fallen below targets
- irrigation almost half have under-performed
- opportunities for efficiency gains
- hydropower on average met expectations but
considerable variability - flood control dams have attenuated floods, but
some increased vulnerability - physical sustainability safety improving,
but dams are
ageing and costs rising - loss of storage, 0.5 to 1.0
per year
Kariba
Predicted vs actual generation
TWh
10
Predicted
6
Actual
0
1960
2000
23Economic financial under-performance
- average cost overruns of over 50
- 50 in survey with one year or more delay
- cost recovery in hydropower but not irrigation
- poor economic and financial results from
irrigation - mixed results for hydropower
24Significant impacts on riverine
downstream ecosystems
- loss of riverine
terrestrial biodiversity - adverse impacts on
livelihoods in floodplains - 67 of ecosystem
changes in survey are negative - poor record of ecosystem mitigation
- some reservoirs have created habitats for
biodiversity - reservoirs emit green-house gases
25Heavy toll on affected communities
- estimated 40-80 million physically displaced
- significant number of others affected
- failure to adequately
recognise respond to
those affected - negative impacts fall
disproportionately on
disadvantaged - inequity is not addressed in balance sheet
approach
26Alternatives often exist
- reduce demand by increasing end-use efficiency
- defer new supply by enhancing supply conveyance
efficiency - extend life and performance through improved land
water management - promote alternative supply options, including
small-scale locally appropriate approaches
Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
27Lack of compliance
- weak regulatory frameworks lack
of enforcement - little public participation scrutiny
- top down decision-making, often
politically motivated - past conflicts remain unresolved with no
legal recourse - vested interests in favour of large
infrastructure - no incentives or sanctions
28Summary findings
- lack of systematic evaluation of dam projects
- considerable scope to improve performance
- economic profitability is elusive many
externalities - all too often impacts on people ecosystems are
unacceptable and avoidable - alternatives to dams exist that are acceptable
viable depends on location - the means to improve development outcomes exists
but are not yet common practice
29The way forward New framework for
decision-making
To improve development outcomes, the Commission
presents a new framework for decision-making
based on recognising rights and assessing risks
of all interested parties
30The Way Forward
- Move beyond the simple
balance sheet approach - to shared values, objectives and goals
- Internationally accepted norms are basis
for WCD recommendations - Adopt a rights and risks approach
- Define whose rights and what risks
31Move beyond the simple balance-sheet approach
that
- trades off losses and gains between groups
- impoverishes some people
- excludes people and limits awareness
- overlooks sustainability aspects
- induces conflict and higher costs
Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
32Towards shared values, objectives goals
- equity
- efficiency
- participatory decision-making
- sustainability
- accountability
33Internationally accepted norms are basis for WCD
recommendations
- UN Declaration of Human Rights
- Declaration on the Right to Development
- Rio Principles
34Adopt a rights risks approach
- Future planning decision-making
should be guided by - - a recognition of rights
- an assessment of risks
- to determine who has a legitimate place in
negotiating outcomes
35Define whose rights what risks
36Turning Conflict Into Consensus
- Gain public acceptance
- Assess options
- Address existing dams
- Sustain rivers and livelihoods
- Recognise entitlements and share benefits
- Ensure compliance
- Share rivers across boundaries
37Gaining public acceptance
- dams affect existing rights create wide range
of risks - opportunities exist for achieving a higher level
of equity - recognise rights of indigenous tribal peoples
- achieve outcomes through binding formal agreements
Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
38Comprehensive options assessment
- failure to adequately define needs assess
options led to dispute - an early and open examination of options can
avoid poor projects - raise the significance of social
environmental aspects - increase the effectiveness of existing systems as
a priority
Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
39Address existing dams
- most dams that will operate in the 21st century
already exist - considerable scope exists for improving benefits
- remedy outstanding social issues
- enhance mitigation, restoration enhancement of
ecosystems - use licences to formalise operating agreements
40Sustain rivers and livelihoods
- rivers support millions of livelihoods
- dams cause significant and often irreversible
effects on ecosystems - value rivers, ecosystems endangered species
- emphasise avoidance
of impacts - maintain ecosystem
integrity through
environmental flows
41Recognise entitlements share benefits
- many people displaced - many more unrecognised
- including those who depend on a rivers resources
- recognise rights and assess risks as a basis
for negotiations - agree legally enforceable entitlements
- adversely affected people become first among
beneficiaries
42Ensure compliance
- many policies and guidelines exist..
- but often a failure to fulfil obligations
- need a compliance plan covering all commitments
to people and the environment - introduce initiatives to reduce corruption
- develop incentive framework for compliance
43Share rivers across boundaries
- conflicts over transboundary rivers due to
power imbalance - experience suggests disputes can be resolved
- endorse the UN Convention principles
- go beyond sharing water - to sharing the benefits
- encourage consistent policies for financing
agencies
Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
44The Commissions Criteria Guidelines
Government
Civil Society
International Agreements
International Standards
Multilateral Bilateral Organisations
Private Sector
Professional Organisations
in a wider framework
45Five key decision points
Dam Options
46Guidelines for good practice
Which include
Environmental flow
Stakeholder analysis
Performance bonds
Greenhouse gas emissions
Prior Informed consent
Compliance plan
Multi-criteria analysis
Project benefit-sharing
47Dams in the pipeline - general
- Establish a stakeholder forum based on rights
and risks approach - Undertake distribution analysis
- Promote development opportunities and benefit
sharing - Provide for an environmental flow
- Include recourse and compliance mechanisms
48Dams in the pipeline - its not too late
- Feasibility - assess all options
- - gain public acceptance
- Design - prepare Compliance Plan
- - contractualise benefit sharing
- - determine environmental flow
- Construction - formalise commitments
Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
49Improve Development outcomes
Using the WCDs framework will reduce cost, save
time and avoid conflicts while achieving more
equitable outcomes
50Implementing the Report
- Improved outcomes for nation, affected people and
the environment - Improved outcomes for decision-makers
developers - 5 generic points of entry
- Stakeholders chart specific actions
51Improved outcomes for nation, affected people
the environment
Development opportunities for all by..
- respecting human rights
- meeting development needs for water, food
energy - sustainable resource use
52Improved outcomes for decision-makers
developers
- time, money conflict reduced
- greater certainty in an evolving global
national context - benchmarks against which to assess compliance
535 generic points of entry
- review the report objectively
- issue public statements feedback
(info_at_dams.org) - review dams currently under development
- ensure evaluation, monitoring learning
- promote capacity building to meet
planning needs
54Stakeholders should take specific action
- Governments
- Civil society
- Affected peoples
- Professional associations
- Private sector
- Bilateral and multilateral agencies
55The WCD has
- conducted first comprehensive review
of performance - focused on options and compliance
- shown that conflict is not inevitable
- promoted a rights, risks approach to negotiate
outcomes - shown that common ground can be reached
56Dams and Development presents a unique
opportunity to
57we have told our story
what happens next is up to you
58Dont plan, build, protest, operate,
decommission, propose, oppose or discuss a dam
without it
59Report of the World Commission on Dams
www.dams.org