Communications: NREL PowerPoint Presentation Template with Dark Background

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Connecting Advanced Transportation to Renewable
Communities Is It Time?
Terry Penney, Technology Manager NRELs
FreedomCAR Vehicle Technologies Program June 8,
2006
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Transportation and Energy Challenges

• Increasing demand for a finite resource -
  petroleum
• Emission reductions and fuel-economy gains have
  been offset by
• More people
• More cars
• More vehicle miles traveled
• Larger light-duty vehicles

3
Demand for Fuels Outstrips Supply Domestic
Production with Transportation Use (1970-2020)
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Worldwide Carbon Dioxide Emissions
LDV
U.S. light duty vehicles (LDV) alone are
responsible for nearly 5 of world CO2 emissions.
Source S. Davis, Transportation Energy Data Book
Edition 20, 2001
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So What Are We Doing?Changing the Paradigm
Vehicles and Fuels
Energy Smart Buildings
Renewables


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A Renewable Community
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U.S. Renewable Energy Resources
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Pathways for Vehicles and Fuels
Hydrogen Powered Vehicles (including Fuel Cells)
Conventional Vehicles
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
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Hybrid Electric VehiclesWhat are they and how do
they work?

• An HEV combines the internal combustion engine
  of a conventional vehicle with the battery and
  electric motor of an electric vehicle.
• Energy storage Batteries, ultracapacitors,
  flywheels
• Power unit Fuel cells, spark ignition engines,
  compression ignition direct injection engines,
  gas turbines
• Propulsion Mechanical input (parallel
  configuration), electric motor (series
  configuration)
• Parallel vehicle Series vehicle

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From Hybrids to Plug-in Vehicles
A Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) uses
todays hybrid technology, adding a bigger
battery and the capability to plug into your
garage (or elsewhere) to fuel the battery with
electricity.
At 3 cents/mile to fill up an electric vehicle,
compared to about 11 cents/mile to fill up a
gasoline vehicle today, why not make a shift?
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Hydrogen Pathways
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The Next Step Plugging-in Vehicles to a
Renewable Community

PHEV
NEV

• View Videos

View plug-in vehicle animation View neighborhood
animation
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Petroleum Savings Opportunities for HEV, PHEV,
and FCHEV
PHEV
FCHEV
HEV
PHEVs provide the best combination of rate
and timing to significantly reduce fuel
consumption while hydrogen fuel cell (FCHEV)
technology is being developed.
Source NREL CTTS systems analysis modeling
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Real-World Plug-in HEV In-Use Fuel Consumption
227 vehicles from St. Louis each modeled as a
conventional, hybrid and PHEV
26 mpg
37 mpg

• 8647 total miles driven
• 100 replacement of sample fleet

58 mpg 140 Wh/mi
76 mpg 211 Wh/mi
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Plug-in HEVs Require No New Capacity and Even
Improve Utility Performance
Hours at Load Annually
Assumes utility controlled night-time charging
for 50 of the vehicles in this utility district
Source NRELs analysis office EV load tool
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V2G Enables PHEVs to Generate Regulation Service
Revenue

• Regulation service is used to manage the
  frequency and voltage of the electricity grid
• Requires response of about 1 minute
• Approximately 12 of the total cost of electricity

• Estimated revenue of 350-1500 per vehicle/year
  depending on configuration and usage
• Driving cycle more severe on battery than
  regulation loading

Based on methodology described by Kempton and
Tomic, Journal of Power Sources 144 (2005)
268279.
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PHEV Barriers

• Lithium-Ion Battery or Other Storage Technology
• Cost per Battery
• Cost per Unit Energy Storage
• Longevity
• Safety
• Unrealistic Expectations
• All-Electric Range
• All-Electric Speed
• Automotive Industry
• New Investment Requirements at Time of Market
  Share Loss
• Existing Vehicle Adaptation Constraints on
  Battery Space and All-Electric Range
• Electric Utilities
• Avoiding Peak ChargingEither by
• Regulatory System or
• Pricing Incentives

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Battery Cycle Life Data

• Existing data is limited
• Need to consider combination of high and low
  frequency cycling as in PHEV

Source Presented by Christian Rosenkranz at EVS
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