Use of Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration

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Use of Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration

• By Jordan Sudario-Cook

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Cartilage

• Cartilage is flexible connective tissue found
  mainly in joints.
• Produced of specialized cells called chondrocytes
  which originate from mesenchymal stem cells.
• When damaged, cartilage repairs very slowly.
• Many people suffer from diseases that affect the
  cartilage such as osteoarthritis,
  costochondritis, and relapsing polychondritis.

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History of Cartilage Repair

• 1924- A Russian morphologist, Alexander Maximow,
  finds a precursor cell in mesenchyme that
  differentiates into different cells.
• 1963-Dr. McCulloch and Dr. Till find
  self-renewing cells in mice bone marrow.
• 1970s-Dr. Freidenstein finds the potential for
  multipotent marrow cells to reproduce
• 1984- Swedish researchers used autologous
  chondrocytes to repair a rabbits damaged patella
  calling the procedure autologous chondrocyte
  implantation (ACI).
• 1995-The ACI procedure became available for human
  use.
• 2000-Current- Research for the use of mesenchymal
  stem cells to be used for damaged cartilage.

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Current Cartilage Repair Technology

• Marrow Stimulation
• Damaged cartilage is drilled out of joint until
  doctors reach bone. The bone is then perforated
  forming a blood clot at the joint which will
  eventually produce fibrocartilage.
• Osteochondral Autografts
• The damaged cartilage is taken from the joint and
  healthy cartilage from another area replaces it.
  The damaged cartilage is then put into the area
  where the healthy cartilage was taken.
• Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
• Small amount of healthy cartilage is taken from a
  joint and the chondrocytes are isolated and grown
  in vitro until there is enough cartilage to be
  implanted.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation

• Mesenchymal cells taken from adipose tissue, bone
  marrow, or embryonic connective tissue.
• These cells are then cultured and made to
  reproduce and once there is enough to replace the
  cartilage, it is implanted into the joint with a
  growth factor to continue growth as well as a
  scaffold to promote the shape of the cartilage.
• Either while being cultured or after
  implantation, a signal is introduced to the
  mesenchymal cells to differentiate into cartilage.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation

• This procedure has been mainly tested on animal
  subjects such as rats and goats.
• Recently, a couple cases have been successful in
  repairing menisci in patients with damaged knee
  cartilage.
• The procedure still has many years until it is
  used in the medical field.

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Limitations

• The acquiring of the mesenchymal stem cells for
  the procedure.
• Hasnt been tested on humans in a large scale
  yet.
• Cartilage formed may still not work as
  effectively.
• When procedure is available it will likely be
  expensive.

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Future

• Use in the medical field.
• Will become the main procedure in cartilage
  repair.
• Easier way to attain the mesenchymal stem cells.
• Decrease in the cost of the procedure.

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References

• http//www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6082/717.ful
  l
• http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/07/12071
  7131353.htm
• http//biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_G
  roups/Group01/crC.htm
• http//www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/339669/
  title/Stem_cell_treatment_spurs_cartilage_growth
• http//www.mc.ntu.edu.tw/department/anatomy/Histol
  ogy/cartilage.html
• http//theconciergeclinic.com/176/can-osteoarthrit
  is-be-cured/
• http//images.rheumatology.org/viewphoto.php?album
  Id75675imageId2861658
• http//www.kneesurgeonbristol.co.uk/conditions-tre
  atments/joint-surface-damage.aspx
• http//aseed.coloplast.com/?bone1
• http//www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/stem-cell
  -biology/mesenchymal-stem-cells.html
• Bean, Olivia S., and Eric M. Darling. Isolation,
  Characterization, and Differentiation of Stem
  Cells for Cartilage Regeneration. Annals of
  Biomedical Engineering 40.10 (2012) 2079-2097.
  Print.