Stem Cell

1
Stem Cell Banking
STEM CELL BANKING
Done By
Abir Berro
2
Introduction

• Stem cells are one of the more interesting yet
  controversial topics in the field of medical
  advancements. These days, most adult cells in the
  body are mature and their function cant be
  changed . Stem cells are different they are still
  at an early stage of development and retain the
  potential to turn into many different types of
  cells. Different types of stem cells possess
  these characteristics and can be used to treat
  many different disorders there are over 70
  diseases and disorders that can be treated by
  stem cells. Most of these disorders that can be
  ameliorated(improvement) or cured by a stem cells
  are in the field of blood disease and immunology.
  Today we have seen successful treatment using
  stem cells in the areas of bone and cartilage
  regeneration, lupus and heart disease. Some of
  the conditions which scientists believe may
  eventually be treated by stem cell therapy are
• Parkinson's disease.
• Alzheimer's disease.
• Stroke, arthritis, diabetes.
• burns and spinal cord damage.

3
stem cells is the most important therapies for
many diseases and conditions because of three
important characteristics that they possess
1) Stem cells are unspecialized Cells that can
replenish their Numbers for long periods
through Cell division. Unlike muscle cell ,nerve
cell which dont Normally replicate Themselves
.
2) after receiving certain chemical signals, they
can differentiate, or transform into specialized
cells with specific functions such as (heart cell
or nerve cell.  
3) stem cells have been shown to release and
respond to a number of tissue regenerating
proteins, including growth factors and cytokines.
4
(No Transcript)
5
What are the unique properties of stem cell?

• long-term self-renewal the ability to go
  through numerous cycles of cell division while
  maintaining the undifferentiated state.(starting
  population of stem cells that proliferates for
  many months in the laboratory can yield millions
  of cells. If the resulting cells continue to be
  unspecialized, like the parent stem cells, the
  cells are said to be capable of long-term
  self-renewal) .
• Potency the capacity to differentiate into
  specialized cell types. In the strictest sense,
  this requires stem cells to be either totipotent
  or pluripotent - to be able to give rise to any
  mature cell type, although multipotent or
  unipotent progenitor cells are sometimes referred
  to as stem cells.
• Zygote ( totipotent)
• Embryonic stem cell (pluripotent)
• Germ layer stem cell (multipotent)

6
Types of stem cell Stem cells are often
classified by the extent to which they can
differentiate into different mature cell types,
(but this classification does not specify what
the cell types are able to release and respond to
as signaling molecules)

1. Totipotent (omnipotent) stem cells can
   differentiate into embryonic and extra embryonic
   cell types. Such cells can construct a complete,
   viable, organism .These cells are produced from
   the fusion of an egg and sperm cell. Cells
   produced by the first few divisions of the
   fertilized egg are also totipotent.
2. Pluripotent stem cells are descendants of the
   Totipotent stem cells of the embryo. These cells,
   which develop about four days after
   fertilization, can differentiate into any cell
   type, except for Totipotent stem cells and the
   cells of the placenta.
3. Multipotent(unipotent) stem cells are
   descendants of Pluripotent stem cells and
   antecedents of specialized cells in particular
   tissues stem cells can differentiate into a
   number of cells, but only those of a closely
   related family of cells.(For example,
   hematopoietic stem cells, found primarily in the
   bone marrow, give rise to all of the cells found
   in the blood, including red blood cells, white
   blood cells, and platelets).

7
(No Transcript)
8

• Stages of embryonic stem cells
• Embryonic stem cell lines (ES cell lines) are
  cultures of cells derived from the epiblast
  tissue of the inner cell mass (ICM) of a
  blastocyst or earlier morula stage embryos.
• A blastocyst is an early stage embryoapproximatel
  y four to five days old in humans and consisting
  of 50150 cells.
• ES cells are pluripotent and give rise during
  development to all derivatives of the three
  primary germ layers ectoderm, endoderm and
  mesoderm.(they can develop into each of the more
  than 200 cell types of the adult body when given
  sufficient and necessary stimulation for a
  specific cell type.
• Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as
  inner mass cells within a blastocyst.
• The stem cells can become any tissue in the body,
  excluding a placenta. Only the morula's cells are
  totipotent, able to become all tissues and a
  placenta.

9
How Stem cells Works Cultivation
Blood cells
Muscle cells
Neural cells
10

• Stem cell differentiation

11
Potential treatments

• Spinal cord
• Embryonic stem cells switched to neurons
• Researchers at the University of
  Wisconsin-Madison coaxed human embryonic stem
  cells into becoming neural stem cells, then into
  the beginnings of motor neurons before finally
  differentiating into spinal motor neuron cells,
  the cell type that, in the human body, transmits
  messages from the brain to the spinal cord. The
  newly generated motor neurons exhibited
  electrical activity, the signature action of
  neurons
• Muscle damage
• Adult stem cells are also apparently able to
  repair muscle damaged after heart attacks. Heart
  attacks are due to the coronary arterybeing
  blocked, starving tissue of oxygen and nutrients.
  Days after the attack is over, the cells try to
  remodel themselves in order to become able to
  pump harder. However, because of the decreased
  blood flow this attempt is futile and results in
  even more muscle cells weakening and dying.
  Researchers at Columbia-Presbyterian found that
  injecting bone-marrow stem cells, a form of adult
  stem cells, into mice which had had heart attacks
  induced resulted in an improvement of 33 percent
  in the functioning of the heart. The damaged
  tissue had regrown by 68 percent

12
(No Transcript)
13
What are the advantages of stem cell ?

• It provides medical benefits in the field of
  therapeutic cloning.
• It provides great potential for discovering
  treatments including Parkinsons disease cancer
  spinal cord.
• It helps treat illness.
• It let the risks be quite reduced because patient
  bodies would not reject their own cell
• It can develop into any cell types of the body.
  (muscle cells , neurons cells, heart cells.)

14
What are the disadvantages of stem cell ?

• The use of embryonic stem cells for research
  involves the destruction of blastocysts formed
  from laboratory-fertilized human eggs..
• Like any other new technology, it is also
  completely unknown what the long term effects of
  such an interference with nature could
  materialize.
• Embryonic stem cells may not be the solution for
  all ailments.
• According to a new research stem cell therapy was
  used on heart disease patients. It was found that
  it can make their coronary arteries become
  narrower.
• A disadvantage of embryonic stem cells is that
  they are derived from embryos that are not a
  patients own and the patients body may reject
  them

15
(No Transcript)