BLOOD

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CHAPTER 14

• BLOOD

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CHAPTER 14

• Blood
• river of life
• Transports
• Nutrients
• Wastes
• Body heat
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide

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CHAPTER 14

• COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
• ONLY FLUID TISSUE
• FORMED ELEMENTS
• CELLS
• SOLID PORTION
• PLASMA
• LIQUID PORTION

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• BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS
• STICKY
• METALLIC, SALTY TASTE
• COLOR VARIES FROM SCARLET TO DULL RED DEPENDING
  ON OXYGEN CONTENT
• HEAVIER THAN WATER
• SLIGHTLY ALKALINE WITH A pH BETWEEN 7.35 AND 7.45
• TEMPERATURE OF 100.4 F
• ACCOUNTS FOR 8 OF BODY WEIGHT
• AMOUNTS TO 5-6 LITERS

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• CENTRIFUGED BLOOD
• PLASMA RISES TO THE TOP
• BUFFY COAT FORMS IN MIDDLE
• RED BLOOD CELLS SETTLE AT THE BOTTOM

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• PLASMA
• STRAW COLORED
• 90 WATER
• LIQUID
• CONTAINS NUTRIENTS, SALTS, RESPIRATORY GASES,
  HORMONES, PLASMA PROTEINS, AND WASTES

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CHAPTER 14

• PLASMA PROTEINS
• MADE BY THE LIVER
• FUNCTION
• ALBUMIN CONTRIBUTES TO OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF BLOOD
  WHICH ACTS TO KEEP WATER IN BLOODSTREAM
• CLOTTING PROTEINS CLOSE UP LEAKING/INJURED BLOOD
  VESSELS
• ANTIBODIES PROTECT THE BODY FROM PATHOGENS

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• COMPOSITION OF PLASMA
• CONTINUOUSLY HAS SUBSTANCES REMOVED AND ADDED
• HOWEVER, COMPOSITION RARELY VARIES DUE TO
  HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
• EX BLOOD PROTEINS DROP TOO FAR, THE LIVER MAKES
  MORE

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• FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA
• TRANSPORTING SUBSTANCES
• DISTRIBUTES BODY HEAT EVENLY
• MAKES UP 55 OF WHOLE BLOOD

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CHAPTER 14

• BUFFY COAT
• WHITISH LAYER BETWEEN FORMED ELEMENTS AND PLASMA
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS LEUKOCYTES
• FUNCTION TO PROTECT THE BODY
• PLATELETS THROMBOCYTES
• FUNCTION IN BLOOD-CLOTTING PROCESS
• MAKE UP LESS THAN 1 OF BLOOD

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CHAPTER 14

• FORMED ELEMENTS
• MAKE UP 45 OF BLOOD
• RED BLOOD CELLS
• ERYTHROCYTES
• TRANSPORT OXYGEN TO ALL CELLS
• ANUCLEATE HAVING NO NUCLEUS
• CONTAIN VERY FEW ORGANELLES
• CONTAIN HEMOGLOBIN
• 5 MILLION CELLS/MM3

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• HEMOGLOBIN
• IRON CONTAINING PROTEIN
• CAN BIND WITH 4 OXYGEN ATOMS
• HAS A GREAT AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN
• LESSER AFFINITY FOR CARBON DIOXIDE
• HAS A GREAT AFFINITY FOR CARBON MONOXIDE

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CHAPTER 14

• ANEMIA
• DECREASE IN OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY OF BLOOD
• NORMAL BLOOD HAS 12-18 GRAMS OF HEMOGLOBIN PER
  100 ML OF BLOOD
• TEST TO MEASURE HEMOGLOBIN IS HEMATOCRIT

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• TYPES OF ANEMIA
• DECREASE IN RBC
• EXCESSIVE BLEEDING (HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA)
• LOSS OF CELLS DUE TO BACTERIAL INFECTION
  (HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA)
• LACK OF VITAMIN B12 (PERNICIOUS ANEMIA)
• DESTRUCTION OF BONE MARROW BY CANCER, RADIATION
  OR CERTAIN MEDICATIONS (APLASTIC ANEMIA)

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CHAPTER 14

• INADEQUATE HEMOGLOBIN
• LACK OF IRON IN DIET
• SLOW BLEEDING
• IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• ABNORMAL HEMOGLOBIN
• GENETIC DEFECT (SICKLE CELL ANEMIA)

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SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
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HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
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IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
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CHAPTER 14

• WHITE BLOOD CELLS
• LEUKOCYTES
• 4000-11,000 CELLS /MM3
• LESS THAN 1 OF BLOOD
• CONTAIN NUCLEI AND ORGANELLES
• IMMUNE SYSTEM
• CAN MOVE IN AND OUT OF BLOOD VESSELS BY
  DIAPEDESIS
• RESPOND TO CHEMICAL MESSENGERS PROCESS CALLED
  POSITIVE CHEMOTAXIS
• MOVE THROUGH TISSUE CELLS BY AMEBOID MOVEMENT

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• CLASSIFIED INTO TWO GROUPS
• GRANULOCYTES CONTAIN GRANULES
• AGRANULOCYTES LACK VISIBLE GRANULES

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GRANULOCYTES - AGRANULOCYTE
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• GRANULOCYTES
• NEUTROPHILS
• MULTILOBED NUCLEUS
• PHAGOCYTIC
• NUMBER INCREASES RAPIDLY DURING SHORT TERM
  INFECTIONS
• FIRST TO INJURY SITE

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• EOSINOPHILS
• TWO LOBED NUCLEUS
• LARGE GRANULES
• NUMBER INCREASES DURING ALLERGIC REACTIONS AND
  PARSITIC WORM INFECTIONS

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CHAPTER 14

• BASOPHILS
• RAREST TYPE OF WBC
• CONTAIN LARGE HISTAMINE-CONTAINING GRANULES
• HISTAMINE INFLAMMATORY CHEMICAL THAT MAKES
  BLOOD VESSELS LEAKY AND ATTRACTS WBCs TO THE SITE

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CHAPTER 14

• AGRANULOCYTES
• LYMPHOCYTES
• TWO GROUPS
• B LYMPHOCYTES PRODUCE ANTIBODIES
• T LYMPHOCYTES INVOLVED IN GRAFT REJECTION,
  FIGHTING TUMORS AND VIRUSES, AND ACTIVATING B
  LYMPHOCYTES
• LARGE NUCLEUS
• SMALLER SIZED WBC ONLY SLIGHTLY SMALLER THAN
  RBCs
• USUALLY FOUND IN LYMPHATIC TISSUE LIKE SPLEEN OR
  LYMPH NODES

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• MONOCYTES
• DARKLY PIGMENTEDY CYTOPLASM
• KIDNEY-SHAPED NUCLEUS
• PHAGOCYTES THAT BECOME MACROPHAGES IN THE TISSUES
• FUNCTION IN LONG-TERM CLEAN UP
• INCREASE IN NUMBER DURING LONG OR CHRONIC
  INFECTIONS
• LARGEST OF ALL WBCs

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• PLATELETS
• AKA THROMBOCYTES
• NOT CELLS BUT FRAGMENTS OF BIGGER CELLS CALLED
  MEGAKARYOCYTES
• IRREGULARLY SHAPED
• 300,000/MM3
• NEEDED FOR NORMAL CLOTTING OF BLOOD

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• HEMATOPOIESIS
• BLOOD CELL FORMATION
• HAPPENS IN RED BONE MARROW OR MYELOID TISSUE
• FOUND MOSTLY IN FLAT BONES
• ARISE FROM COMMON STEM CELL CALLED HEMOCYTOBLAST
• ONCE A CELL IS COMMITTED TO BECOME ONE TYPE OF
  CELL IT CANNOT CHANGE

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• HEMOCYTOBLAST FORMS TWO TYPES OF DESCENDANTS
• LYMPHOID STEM CELL
• PRODUCES LYMPHOCYTES
• MYELOID STEM CELL
• PRODUCES ALL OTHER CELLS

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• RBCs
• ANUCLEATE
• MEANS THAT
• THEY CANNOT SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
• CANNOT GROW
• CANNOT DIVIDE
• SO THEY AGE AND DIE
• LIVE ABOUT 100-120 DAYS
• REMAINS ARE ELIMINATED BY PHAGOCYTES IN THE
  SPLEEN, LIVER AND OTHER BODY TISSUES
• MANUFACTURE IS CONTROLLED BY HORMONE CALLED
  ERYTHROPOIETIN

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CHAPTER 14

• COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR INTERLEUKINS
• CONTROL FORMATION OF WBCs AND PLATELETS
• RELEASED IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC CHEMICAL SIGNALS
• THROMBOPOIETIN
• ACCELERATES THE PRODUCTION OF PLATELETS

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CHAPTER 14

• HEMOSTASIS
• STOPPAGE OF BLOOD FLOW
• THREE PHASES
• PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
• VASCULAR SPASMS
• COAGULATION (BLOOD CLOTTING)

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CHAPTER 14

• PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
• LINING OF BLOOD VESSEL (ENDOTHELIUM) IS TORN
• COLLAGEN FIBERS UNDER LINING ARE EXPOSED
• PLATELETS STICK TO FIBERS
• ANCHORED PLATELETS RELEASE CHEMICALS TO ATTRACT
  MORE PLATELETS
• SMALL MASS IS FORMED PLATELET PLUG OR WHITE
  THROMBUS

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CHAPTER 14

• THROMBUS
• CAN PERSIST IN AN UNBROKEN BLOOD VESSEL
• MAY PREVENT BLOOD FLOW TO CELLS BEYOND THE
  BLOCKAGE
• EX heart attack is caused by thrombus in
  coronary vessel
• EMBOLUS
• THROMBUS THAT MOVES TO AN AREA DISTANT FROM ITS
  FORMATION
• EX CEREBRAL EMBOLUS STROKE

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CHAPTER 14

• VASCULAR SPASMS
• ANCHORED PLATELETS RELEASE SEROTONIN WHICH CAUSES
  BLOOD VESSELS TO GO INTO SPASMS
• BLOOD VESSELS NARROW DECREASING BLOOD LOSS

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CHAPTER 14

• COAGULATION
• INJURED TISSUES RELEASE TISSUE FACTOR (TF)
• TF INTERACTS WITH THE COATING, PF3, ON THE
  SURFACE OF THE PLATELETS VITAMIN K OTHER BLOOD
  PROTEIN FACTORS AND CALCIUM IONS TO FORM AN
  ACTIVATOR THAT TRIGGERS THE CLOTTING CASCADE

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CHAPTER 14

• PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR (MADE PREVIOUSLY) COVERTS
  PROTHROMBIN TO THROMBIN
• PROTHROMBIN IS PRESENT IN THE PLASMA ALL THE TIME
• THROMBIN JOINS FIBRINOGEN TO MAKE FIBRIN
• FIBRIN IS A MESH NETWORK THAT TRAPS RBCs AND
  FORMS THE BASIS OF THE CLOT

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CHAPTER 14

• BLEEDING DISORDERS
• THROMBOCYTOPENIA
• INSUFFICIENT PLATELETS
• HEMOPHILIA
• LACK OF CLOTTING FACTORS
• CAN BE HEREDITARY
• DEPENDENT ON TRANSFUSIONS OF FRESH PLASMA OR
  INJECTIONS OF PURIFIED CLOTTING FACTORS
• EXPOSED MORE FREQUENTLY TO BLOOD-BORNE DISEASES,
  SUCH AS AIDS, HEPATITIS

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CHAPTER 14

• HUMAN BLOOD TYPE
• Determined by multiple alleles IA, IB, and i
• IA and IB are codominant to each other and
  dominant over i
• IA and IB are responsible for producing red blood
  cell surface antigens (proteins) that can be
  recognized by the immune system
• Third antigen, Rh, also on the surface of red
  blood cells caused by Rh gene
• Presence of the dominant gene causes Rh
  (presence of antigen) two recessive genes cause
  Rh- (absence)

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Chapter 14

• Blood types are very important
• Must match the blood type before giving blood
  transfusion
• Incompatible blood groups cause cells to clump
  together (AGGLUTINATION) which can result in a
  violent reaction or even death
• Blood consists of formed elements, i.e, cells
  and platelets (clotting factors) and plasma
  (liquid portion)

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CHAPTER 14

• Blood also contains antibodies against other
  types
• Type A with A antigens on the red cells and anti
  B antibodies in the plasma
• Type B with B antigens on the red cells and anti
  A antibodies in the plasma
• Type AB with both A and B antigens on the red
  cells and no type antibodies in the plasma
• Type O with no type antigens on the red cells and
  both anti A and anti B antibodies in the plasma

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• DO YOU KNOW YOUR BLOOD TYPE?

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• Who can give blood to whom?
• A can give to A and AB
• B can give to B and AB
• AB can give to AB
• O can give to A, B, AB, and O
• Which is the universal donor?
• Who is the universal recipient?

O
AB
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A B

• What type of blood is this?

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CHAPTER 14

• HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN
• Rh negative women give birth to Rh positive
  children
• First child healthy but exposes mother to Rh
  blood
• Results in mothers development of anti-Rh
  antibodies
• Attack second child by crossing the placenta
• Baby is anemic, hypoxic, cyanotic, brain damage
  and even death can result

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CHAPTER 14

• RHOGAM
• IMMUNE SERUM GIVEN SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH OF FIRST
  CHILD TO PREVENT MOTHERS BUILDUP OF ANTI-RH
  ANTIBODIES