APA Referencing

1
APA Referencing Citing

• Amy E. Beddoe

2

• The cesarean section rate in
• California among low-risk women
• giving birth has increased from 22.6
• to 27.4 between 2000 and
• 2004 which is contrary to the 2010
• target goal of 15 (U.S. Center for
• Health Statistics, 2004).

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Example of Citing in Text

• The recorded incidence of postpartum depression
  has
• increased in recent years (U.S. Department of
  Health Human
• Services (DHHS), 2003). Studies have shown that
  postpartum
• depression is also associated with changes in
  mothering that can lead
• to poor infant attachment (Edhborg, 2001 Fowels,
  1996). Attachment
• theory is a framework that describes the patterns
  of personal
• relationships a person develops from infancy.
  Poor attachment means
• that a child may be fearful, insecure, or
  restricted in expressing joy
• (Personality Research Website, 2002). As healthy
  mothers and
• infants are an indicator of future health in our
  country. It is essential to
• find effective ways to address perinatal health
  outcomes including
• postpartum depression.
• According to Friedlander (2006), symptoms of
  postpartum
• depression include sluggishness, fatigue,
  exhaustion, feelings of
• hopelessness or depression, disturbances of
  appetite and sleep,
• confusion, uncontrollable crying, lack of
  interest in baby, fear of
• harming baby or oneself, and mood swings.

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• The leading cause of infant mortality and
  morbidity in
• the U.S. is preterm birth (Mathews, Menacker,
• MacDorman, 2002). Neonatal outcomes have not
  improved
• in the U.S. despite medical and technological
  advances and
• a national effort to increase early access and
  number of
• prenatal care visits. In fact, the U.S. infant
  mortality rate
• increased from 6.8 infant deaths per 1,000 live
  births in 2001
• to 7.0 in 2002, the first increase in 40 years.
  Most of the
• mortality increase occurred for very low birth
  weight infants
• across all races and was equally distributed
  among mothers
• 2034 years of age (MacDorman, Martin, Matthews,
  
• Hoyert, 2005). This means that despite racial and
  
• socioeconomic disparities in birth outcomes, the
  overall
• profile of poor outcomes is generalized across
  all young,
• non-teen-age, childbearing women.

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APA-Style Reference of Journal Articles

• Austin, M. P., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Leader, L.,
  Saint, K.,
• Parker, G. (2005). Maternal trait anxiety,
  depression
• and life event stress in pregnancy
  Relationships
• with infant temperament. Early Human
  Development, 81, 183-190.
• Notice the space between M. P.
• Pitsavos, C., Panagiotakos, D. B., Papageorgiou,
  C.,
• Tsetsekou, E., Soldatos, C., Stefanadis, C.
  (2006).
• Anxiety in relation to inflammation and
  coagulation
• markers, among healthy adults The ATTICA
  Study. Atherosclerosis, 185, 320-326. caps

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Articles Referenced cont.

• Roth, B., Robbins, D. (2004). Mindfulness-based
  stress reduction and health-related quality of
  life Findings from a bilingual inner-city
  patient population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66,
  113-123. Notice no volume e.g. (33)
• Wadhwa, P. D., Garite, T. J., Porto, M., Glynn,
  L., Chicz-DeMet, A., Dunkel-Schetter, C., et al.
  (2004). Placental corticotropin-releasing
  hormone (CRH), spontaneous preterm birth, and
  fetal growth restriction A prospective
  investigation. American Journal of Obstetrics
  and Gynecology, 191, 1063-1069.

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Example of Book Referenced

• Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective Neuroscience The
  foundations of human and animal emotion. New
  York Oxford University Press.

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Examples of Online references

• Adler, N. (1997, November). Purpose of Life.
  Retrieved October 12, 2005, from
  http//www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Psychosocial/n
  otebook/purpose.htmlDefinition
• Adler, N., Stewart, J. (March 30, 2004).
  Self-Esteem. Retrieved October 13, 2005, from
  http//www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Psychosocial/n
  otebook/selfesteem.html
• National Sleep Foundation. (1998). Women and
  Sleep Poll. Retrieved October 4, 2005, from
  http//www.sleepfoundation.org/sleeplibrary/index.
  php?secidid54