Basic Anatomy and Biomechanics

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Basic Anatomy and Biomechanics

• PE 254

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Functions of the Musculoskeletal System

• Gives the body shape
• Protects internal organs
• Provides for movement
• Consists of more than 600 muscles

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Anatomy

• Muscles - provide movement
• generate heat.
• Ligaments - connect bone to bone
• injury sprain
• Tendons - connect bone to muscle
• injury strain
• Bones - protection shape

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The Skeletal System

• Gives form to the body
• Protects vital organs
• Consists of 206 bones
• Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles
• Designed to permit motion of the body

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The Skull
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The Neck
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The Spinal Column
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Structure of the Spine
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The Thorax
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The Pelvis
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The Lower Extremity

• Hip
• Thigh
• Knee
• Leg
• Ankle
• Foot

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The Upper Extremity

• Shoulder girdle
• Arm
• Elbow
• Forearm
• Wrist
• Hand

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Joints

• Degree of movement
• Synarthrosis immovable joint
• (ex the skull)
• Amphiarthrosis slightly movable joint
• (ex fibrocartilaginous disc between the
  vertebrae ligament or membrane links the two
  bones such as scapula to the clavicle)
• Diarthrosis freely movable joint
• (ex hip or shoulder joint)

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Diarthrosis Joints
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Examples of Diarthrosis Joints
Ball and Socket
Hinge
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Types of Muscle (1 of 3)

• Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
• Attached to the bones of the body
• Smooth (involuntary) muscle
• Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the
  body

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Types of Muscle (2 of 3)

• Smooth (involuntary) muscle
• Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the
  body

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Types of Muscle (3 of 3)

• Cardiac muscle
• Involuntary muscle
• Has own blood supply and electrical system
• Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for
  only very short periods

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Human Body Muscle Diagram
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Muscle Groups

• Because a single muscle usually does not act
  alone when it exerts tension in normal body
  movement, it acts as one member of the team of
  muscles that partially or wholly can control or
  contribute to the joint movement occurring.
  Therefore, it is convenient and adequate in most
  cases of gross muscular analysis to refer to the
  action of groups of individual muscles rather
  than trying to name each one that is or might
  acting.

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Examples of Muscle Groups

• Elbow flexors/extensors
• Knee flexors/extensors
• Shoulder abductors/adductors
• Shoulder flexors/extensors
• Hip flexors/extensors
• Hip abductors/adductors

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Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical
Reference Position

• Erect standing position with all body parts,
  including the palms of the hands, facing forward
  considered the starting position for body segment
  movements

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Basic Joint Articulations

• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Pronation (elbow and forearm)
• Supination (elbow and forearm)

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Standard Reference TerminologyDirectional Terms

• Superior
• Inferior
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Medial
• Lateral

• Proximal
• Distal
• Superficial
• Deep

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Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical
Reference Planes

• Cardinal planes 3 imaginary perpendicular
  reference planes that divide the body in half by
  mass
• Sagittal plane
• Frontal plane
• Transverse plane

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Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical
Reference Axes

• An imaginary axis of rotation that passes through
  a joint to which it is attached
• Mediolateral axis
• Anterioposterior axis
• Longitudinal axis

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2-5
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Sagittal plane movements
2-6
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Frontal Plane Movements
2-8
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Transverse Plane Movements
2-13
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Other Movements
2-16
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2-19
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Planes of Motion and Axes of Rotation
PLANES of Motion AXES of Rotation
SAGGITAL(FRONT TO BACK MAKING TWO HALVES, LEFT AND RIGHT) MEDIOLATERAL
FRONTAL(SIDE TO SIDE MAKING TWO HALVES, FRONT AND BACK) ANTERIOPOSTERIOR
TRANSVERSE(TRANSVERSE MAKING TWO HALVES, TOP AND BOTTOM) LONGITUDINAL
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What could a biomechanist do to improve sport
performance?
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Group Activity

• Group 1 Lunges.
• Group 2 Standing broad jump.
• Group 3 Discus throw.
• Group 4 100-meter sprint from the starting
  block.
• Group 5 Push-ups.
• Group 6 Shoulder press with barbells.
• Group 7 Free throws in basketball.
• Group 8 Javelin throw.
• Group 9 Bench press with straight bar.
• Group 10 Field-goal kick in football.

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Group Activity

• Identify the following
• 1. Joint(s) involved in activity
• 2. Muscle group(s) involved in activity
• 3. Plane(s) of motion
• 4. Axis(es) of rotation

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Reminders

• No class on Monday, September 6th in observance
  of Labor Day
• Quiz 2 on Wednesday, September 8th