Basic Terminology

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Basic Terminology

• Qualitative
• Non-numerical
• Based on direct observation
• Equipment not necessary
• Focus on time and space
• Examples
• Rotation of femur during golf swing
• Adduction of humerus during freestyle swim

• Quantitative
• Numerical
• Based on data collected
• Equipment necessary
• Focus on forces
• Examples
• Stress on shoulder during baseball pitch
• Compression force on femur during landing

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Areas of Study

• Biomechanics vs. Kinesiology
• Anatomy vs. Functional Anatomy
• Linear vs. Angular Motion
• Kinematics vs. Kinetics

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Biomechanics vs. Kinesiology

• Kinesiology
• Scientific study of human movement
• Anatomical, physiological, psychological,
  biomechanical
• Biomechanics
• Application of mechanics to biological systems
• More specific than kinesiology

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Anatomy vs. Functional Anatomy

• Anatomy
• Structure of the body
• Focus on structure
• Example Study of biceps brachii
• Functional Anatomy
• Body components necessary to achieve goal
• Focus on function
• Example Analysis of bicep curl

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Linear vs. Angular Motion

• Linear Motion
• AKA translation or translational motion
• Movement on straight or curved pathway
• All points move same distance, same time
• Angular Motion
• Motion around some point

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Kinematics vs. Kinetics

• Both are biomechanical analyses
• Kinematics
• Examines space and time
• Kinetics
• Examines forces

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Statics vs. Dynamics

• Statics
• Examines systems not moving or moving at a
  constant speed
• Equilibrium no acceleration
• Example Spaceship gliding through space
• Dynamics
• Examines systems that are being accelerated
• Example Softball pitch

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Stress-Strain Curve

• Stress (s)
• Force applied to deform a structure
• Force per unit area
• Measured in N/m2 or pascals
• sF/A
• Strain (e)
• Deformation caused by applied stress
• e?L/L

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Stress-Strain Curve (cont.)

• Elastic modulus (k)
• Stiffness of a material
• kstress/strains/e
• Residual strain
• Difference between original length and length
  resulting from stress into the plastic region
• Safety factor
• 510x typical stress on structure

Insert figure 1-9.
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Stored Mechanical Energy

• Proportional to area under stress-strain curve
• ME½se
• Spring, rubber band, trampoline

Insert figure 1-12.
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Types of Materials

• Elastic
• Linear relationship between stress and strain
• Viscoelastic
• Non-linear relationship between stress and strain
• Hysteresis energy lost in a viscoelastic material

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Skeleton

• Axial
• Head
• Neck
• Trunk
• Appendicular
• Upper extremities
• Lower extremities

Insert figure 1-16, only the part labeled with
the segments of the axial and appendicular
skeleton.
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Reference Positions

• Anatomical position
• Standard reference point
• Palms face front
• Fundamental position
• Similar to anatomical position
• Arms more relaxed
• Palms face inward
• Relative angle
• Included angle between two segments

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Relative Position

• Medial toward midline of the body
• Lateral away from midline of the body
• Proximal toward point of attachment
• Distal away from point of attachment
• Superior toward the top of the head
• Inferior toward the bottom of the feet

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Relative Position (cont.)

• Anterior front, ventral
• Posterior back, dorsal
• Ipsilateral on the same side
• Contralateral on opposite sides

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Flexion Extension

• Flexion
• Decreasing joint angle
• Extension
• Increasing joint angle
• Hyperflexion
• Flexion beyond normal range
• Hyperextension
• Extension beyond normal range

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Abduction Adduction

• Abduction
• Moving away from midline
• Adduction
• Moving toward midline
• Hyperabduction
• Abduction past 180 point
• Hyperadduction
• Adduction past 0 point

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Other Movement Descriptors

• Rotation
• Medial (internal) or lateral (external)
• Right/left for head trunk
• Lateral flexion
• Head or trunk only
• Example head tilts sideways
• Circumduction
• Movement in a conic fashion

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Movement of the Scapulae

• Elevation raising the scapula (shrug)
• Depression lowering the scapula
• Protraction move scapulae apart
• Retraction move scapulae together
• Upward rotation bottom of scapula moves away
  from trunk, top moves toward
• Downward rotation return to normal

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Specialized Movement Descriptors

• Horizontal adduction
• Combination of flexion adduction
• Horizontal abduction
• Combination of extension abduction
• Supination turn palms frontward
• Pronation turn palms backward
• Radial flexion hand toward thumb
• Ulnar flexion hand toward little finger

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Movement Descriptors of the Foot

• Plantarflexion
• Increase angle between foot and shank
• Dorsiflexion
• Decrease angle between foot and shank
• Inversion
• Lift medial edge of foot
• Eversion
• Lift lateral edge of foot

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Pronation Supination of the Foot

• Pronation supination of the feet are not the
  same as inversion eversion
• Pronation of the foot
• Dorsiflexion at the ankle
• Eversion in the tarsals
• Abduction of the forefoot
• Supination of the foot
• Plantarflexion at the ankle
• Inversion in the tarsals
• Adduction of the forefoot

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Reference Systems

• Necessary for accurate observation description
• Fundamental anatomical positions
• Axes
• Imaginary lines that intersect at right angles
• Origin
• Point of intersection of axes

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Absolute vs. Relative

• Relative
• Segment movement described relative to the
  adjacent segment
• Absolute
• Axes intersect in the center of a joint

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Planes Axes

• Plane
• Flat, two-dimensional surface
• Cardinal planes
• Planes positioned at right angles and
  intersecting the center of mass
• Axis of rotation
• Point about which movement occurs
• Perpendicular to plane of motion

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Cardinal Planes

• Sagittal
• Left right halves
• Mediolateral axis
• Frontal (coronal)
• Front back halves
• Anteroposterior axis
• Transverse (horizontal)
• Upper lower halves
• Longitudinal axis
• Many other planes exist

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Degrees of Freedom

• Degree of freedom
• Number of planes in which a joint has the ability
  to move
• 1 degree of freedom
• Uniaxial
• Example Elbow
• 2 degrees of freedom
• Biaxial
• Example Wrist
• 3 degrees of freedom
• Triaxial
• Example Shoulder

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Summary

• Human movement analyzed using
• Qualitative analysis
• Quantitative analysis
• Materials structures analyzed using
• Stress-strain curve
• Movement described
• Using anatomical movement descriptors
• In relation to planes of motion