Octavian Princeps Augustus 27 BC 14 AD

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OctavianPrinceps Augustus27 BC 14 AD
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Roman Road
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Circus Maximus
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Trajans Victory Column
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The Roman Arch
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Catacombs
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Ars Pacis Augustus
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Virgil
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Horace
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Mithras
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Roman Empire
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Roman Personal Virtues

• Auctoritas
• Comitas
• Clementia
• Dignitas
• Firmitas
• Frugalitas
• Gravitas
• Honestas

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Roman Public Virtues

• Abundantia
• Aequitas
• Bonus Eventus
• Clementia
• Concordia
• Felicitas
• Fides
• Fortuna
• Genius
• Hilaritas
• Justica
• Laetitia
• Liberalitas
• Libertas

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Success of Christianity

• Christian message, including salvation, had much
  to offer a world full of suffering and injustice
  and gave meaning and purpose beyond everyday
  reality
• Christianity was not entirely unfamiliar
• Jesus had been a human figure
• Christianity had universal appeal
• No painful expensive initiation
• Personal relationship with God and a link to
  higher worlds
• Fulfilled the human need to belong

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Christian Heresies

• Gnosticism
• Mitharaism
• Marchionism
• Ebionism
• Montanism
• Monarchism
• Arianism
• Appollinarianism
• Nestorianism
• Eutychianism
• Pelagianism

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Judaism

• Oldest living religion in the Western world
• Based on a strongly ethical bias
• Monotheistic
• Covenant relationship with God
• First translation of a religious text into
  another language Septuagint Hebrew scriptures
  translated into Greek by 70 scholars in 72 days

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Two Main Sects

• Sadducees Messiah would be a temporal leader
  with political freedom his main goal Denied
  survival of soul after death
• Pharisees teachers and interpreters of Jewish
  law. Messiah would lead righteous to salvation.
  Soul was immortal and wicked would suffer after
  death.
• Essenes a minor sect, renounced worldly goods
  and practiced asceticism. Messiah would be a
  teacher of truth who would appear at the end time.

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Buddhism

• Sidharta Gautama (5th century BC)
• The cause of human suffering was desire
• Follow the Eightfold Path
• Work out their own salvation
• Asoka (273-232BC) tried to unify Buddhism
• Two major sects emerged Hinayan, Mahayana

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Constantine the Greatand the Christianization of
the Empire

• Converted on the eve of battle of the Milvian
  Bridge against rival emperor Maxentius
• Edict of Milan 313 AD
• Built a church on Vatican Hill where St. Peter
  had been crucified
• Council of Nicaea defined the triune nature of
  the Christian God

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Key issues for the church 330 - 800

• Establishing proper doctrine
• Relations among the Roman papacy, Constantinople,
  and Western kings
• Elaboration of a church hierarch, administration,
  and policy
• Conversion of pagan Europe
• Development of monasticism in a way to invigorate
  the Church as a whole

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Three things your religion needs

• Dogma prescribed doctrine
• Liturgy rituals for public worship
• Canon church law, based on Roman law

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Pope Leo the Great400 461 AD
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The Petrine Doctrine

• Roman pontiffs ruled the churchs the rightful
  heirs to Peter, the First Apostle
• Temporal representatives of Christ
• Jesus was one with God
• Virgin birth
• Resurrection of the dead
• Triune nature of God
• The world view shifted from the Classical
  homocentric view to a medieval world view of a
  God-centered world

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The Four Great Doctors of the Church

• Jerome Translated into Latin the Hebrew Bible
  (Old Testament) as well as the Greek Bible (New
  Testament). The Vulgate. Official bible of the
  Catholic Church
• Ambrose Bishop of Milan. Wrote many early
  hymns.
• Gregory the Great Sent missionaries to convert
  England to Christianity, extended the power of
  the Church throughout Europe. Codified the chant
• Augustine greatest philosopher of Christian
  antiquity.

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St. Jerome347 419AD
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St. Ambrose340 - 397AD
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Pope Gregory the Great509 604 AD
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St. Augustine354 430 AD
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City of God

• Book I. Augustine censures the pagans, who
  attributed the calamities of the world, and
  especially the sack of Rome by the Goths, to the
  Christian religion and its prohibition of the
  worship of the gods.
• Book II. A review of the calamities suffered by
  the Romans before the time of Christ, showing
  that their gods had plunged them into corruption
  and vice.
• Book III. The external calamities of Rome.
• Book IV. That empire was given to Rome not by the
  gods, but by the One True God.
• Book V. Of fate, freewill, and God's prescience,
  and of the source of the virtues of the ancient
  Romans.
• Book VI. Of Varro's threefold division of
  theology, and of the inability of the gods to
  contribute anything to the happiness of the
  future life.
• Book VII. Of the "select gods" of the civil
  theology, and that eternal life is not obtained
  by worshipping them.

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• Book VIII. Some account of the Socratic and
  Platonic philosophy, and a refutation of the
  doctrine of Apuleius that the demons should be
  worshipped as mediators between gods and men.
• Book IX. Of those who allege a distinction among
  demons, some being good and others evil.
• Book X. Porphyry's doctrine of redemption.
• Book XI. Augustine passes to the second part of
  the work, in which the origin, progress, and
  destinies of the earthly and heavenly cities are
  discussed. Speculations regarding the creation
  of the world.
• Book XII. Of the creation of angels and men, and
  of the origin of evil.
• Book XIII. That death is penal, and had its
  origin in Adam's sin.
• Book XIV. Of the punishment and results of man's
  first sin, and of the propagation of man without
  lust.

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• Book XV. The progress of the earthly and heavenly
  cities traced by the sacred history.
• Book XVI. The history of the city of God from
  Noah to the time of the kings of Israel.
• Book XVII. The history of the city of God from
  the times of the prophets to Christ.
• Book XVIII. A parallel history of the earthly and
  heavenly cities from the time of Abraham to the
  end of the world.
• Book XIX. A review of the philosophical opinions
  regarding the Supreme Good, and a comparison of
  these opinions with the Christian belief
  regarding happiness.
• Book XX. Of the last judgment, and the
  declarations regarding it in the Old and New
  Testaments.
• Book XXI. Of the eternal punishment of the wicked
  in hell, and of the various objections urged
  against it.
• Book XXII. Of the eternal happiness of the
  saints, the resurrection of the body, and the
  miracles of the early Church.

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St. Benedict
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Rule of St. Benedict

• Divine Office celebrated in monasteries and
  certain cathedral churches
• Mass public celebration of the Eucharist

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Divine Office

• Matins daybreak. Most ancient chants of the
  church
• Lauds sunrise
• Prime 6 AM
• Terce 9 AM
• Sext Noon
• Nones 3 PM
• Vespers sunset. Magnificat. Polyphonic
  singing from early times
• Compline right after Vespers. Marian antiphons

Antiphon for Vespers - Dixit Dominus
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Principal Seasons of the Liturgical Year

• Advent
• Christmas
• Epiphany
• Pre-Lenten
• Lent
• Eastertide
• Pentecost
• Trinity

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MassOrdinary, Proper

• Introit
• KYRIE
• GLORIA
• Collect
• Epistle
• Gradual
• Alleluia
• Sequence
• Gospel

Kyrie, Mass for Christmas Day