GREECE

1
GREECE

• LOCATION
• Balkan Peninsula
• b/c of the sea, people became fishers, sailors,
  traders

• EARLY PEOPLE
• Minoan Civilization
• palace had running water
• frescoes-
• Mycenaeans
• mainland Greece
• warrior culture
• clans-

• CITY-STATES
• Polis-
• developed around forts
• represented the people
• Characteristics
• small area and population
• acropolis-
• agora-

HOMERIC AGE

• COMMUNICATION
• Few people wrote
• Oral communication
• Traveling poets singing folk songs
• epics-
• Iliad and Odyssey
• Homer-
• Iliad-
• Paris-
• Helen-
• Trojan Horse-
• Odyssey-
• Odysseus-

• RELIGION
• Role of Religion
• explained nature and emotions
• a way to get benefits now long life, luck and
  good harvest
• After Life-
• Hades-
• Myths-
• Gods
• Given human qualities
• Mt Olympus-
• Zeus-
• Athena-
• Apollo-
• Oracles-
• To please the gods they showed their bravery in
  athletic events.
• Olympic Games-

• GOVT.
• Aristocracies-
• Tyrants-
• Democracy-

2
SPARTA AND ATHENS

• SPARTA
• Military society
• Adult males serve in the military
• At birth unhealthy children were left to die
• Very little creativity

• ATHENS
• Birth of Democracy
• Citizens at the top of the social class
• Metics-
• Slaves-
• Govt.
• Elected generals
• Archons-
• Draco-
• Solon-
• Cleisthenes-
• Council of Five Hundred- representatives from
  each tribe
• Direct democracy-

• DAILY LIFE IN ATHENS
• Economy
• grew olives, grapes and figs
• Education
• valued education
• stressed a sound mind in a healthy body

GREEK CONFLICTS

• PESAN WARS
• Between Greeks in Asia Minor and Persia
• Supported by Athens
• Athens and Sparta joined forces to defeat the
  Persians

• PELOPONNESIAN WARS
• Between Athens and Sparta
• Sparta had the strongest army
• Athens had the strongest navy
• Sparta united w/ Persia to block Athens food
  supply
• Athens surrendered
• Greece became unstable

• GREEK ART
• Athens was the center of learning and art
• Architecture Pride was shown through temples,
  gymnasiums, theaters
• Acropolis-
• Parthenon-
• Sculpture
• Myron-
• Phidias-
• Nature of Greek Art
• glorified human beings
• symbolized Greek pride in their city-state
• expressed Greek beliefs in harmony, balance,
  order, moderation
• expressed the Greeks belief in combining beauty
  and usefulness

3
PHILOSOPHERS AND WRITERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE

• Rise of Philosophy
• Philosophy-
• used to better understand themselves and the
  world around them.
• believed that all of nature is based upon
  certain natural laws, or truths
• believed they could discover these through
  reason

• Socrates- most important thinker
• education was the key to personal growth
• didnt use memorization as a teaching tool
• students be trained to think for themselves,
  asking questions that force students to test
  their own values and ideas- Socratic Method
• developed enemies b/c his questions often made
  public officials look foolish, criticized
  democracy
• accused of corrupting the minds of the
• youth,
• but on trial but didnt defend himself and
• was executed

• Plato- greatest Socrates students
• founded the Academy-
• wrote maginary discussions among several people
  dealing w/ govt., ed., justice and religion.
  Featured Socrates teaching
• Theory of Forum-
• The Republic-
• Ideal leaders were philosophers chosen b/c of
  their wisdom, ability and high ideals

• Aristotle- Platos student
• every field of knowledge had to be studied
  logically
• collected and organized facts into systems
• Ethics-
• Poetics-
• believed in a limited democracy-

• Mathematics, Medicine and Science
• Pythagoras-
• Pythagorean theorem-
• Hippocrates-
• Herodotus-

Greek Theater

• Drama-
• first to write dramas, wrote in poetic form
• two or three actors spoke or sang lines
• male actors played women
• chorus-
• held in outside into hillside
• orchestra-
• little scenery
• performed in connection w/ religious festivals,
  competition b/w playwrights
• prizes awarded based on the beauty or wisdom of
  each play

• Tragedies-
• Sophocles-
• Euripides-
• Comedies-
• Aristophanes-

4
ALEXANDER THE GREAT

• Philip II of Macedon
• Recruited and organized best disciplined army
• infantry was organized into phalanxes-
• Goal was to restore order in Macedon and then
  turn south
• Philip united Greece his rule
• Assassinate
• Alexander- his son succeeded him

• Alexander the Great
• Educated by Aristotle
• His military campaign are among the most admired
  in history
• His courage in battle won the loyalty of his
  troops
• Set out to conquer the world and bring the known
  world into a single empire
• Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia
• The soldiers tired to fighting refused to go on
  and he was forced back to Persia
• Became seriously ill and died in Babylon.

Hellenistic World

• Spread of Greek culture
• Alexander and his men married Persian women to
  bring them together in a single culture
• Alexanders empire breakup
• Three generals divided the
• empire into Macedon, Egypt,
• and Syria

• HELLENISTIC CULTURE
• Alexandria, Egypt- library holding much of the
  Hellenistic worlds knowledge and literature
• Religion and Philosophy
• Ruler worship to increase loyalty
• Philosophy searched for understanding,
• concerned w/ ethics
• 4 schools of philosophy existed
• Cynicism-
• Skeptics-
• Stoic-
• Epicurean-

• Science
• Math
• Euclid-
• Archimedes-
• Medicine
• Alexandria- center of medical
• science
• learned from Egypt
• catalog the parts of the human
• body by studying the bodies of
• executed criminals
• discovered that the brain is the center of the
  nervous system

• Astronomy
• used geometry tracked the movement of stars and
• planets
• Aristarchus-
• Hipparchus-
• Eratosthenes-